STDs,STIs,Viruses & Illnesses Information
⚠️ Please note:
Our intent is to provide information about STDs/STIs & viruses. This is not advice, always consult with a qualified physician for diagnosis and for answers to your tailored to your body.
An overview of illnesses you can catch during sexual intercourse including STIs/STDs and viruses.
Definitions:
STI: Sexually Transmitted Infection
STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease
Virus: A tiny germ that can spread through sex and get inside the body, where it makes copies of itself and can cause illness, e.g. HPV & HIV.
STDs/STIs, Viruses & Illnesses Information
Chlamydia Information
What is Chlamydia
A very common bacterial STI.
Chlamydia Status:
Very common worldwide - especially among people under 30.
How is Chlamydia Caught?
Usually through:
Anal sex
Oral sex
Vaginal sex
Sex involving toys
Chlamydia Prevention
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Chlamydia Symptoms
Often asymptomatic: Many people have no symptoms at all.
In Men andSome Trans Women:
Discharge from the penis (often watery or milky)
Pain or burning when peeing, pain or tenderness in the testicles,
Pain in the rectum (if anal infection).
In Women and Trans Men:
Unusual vaginal discharge
Pain when peeing
Bleeding between periods or after sex
Lower abdominal pain.
In Throat/Rectum:
Usually no symptoms, but can include pain or discharge.
Chlamydia
Treatment Options
The most common antibiotics used to treat chlamydia infections are:
Doxycycline: Usually taken over seven days, is preferred.
How long should I wait to have sex if I am getting treatment for chlamydia?
Don’t have sex with anyone (intercourse, anal or oral) for at least seven days from when you began treatment.
This gives the medication time to work so you don’t infect your sexual partners. Once treatment is over, you should still practice safe sex and get tested for STIs as a part of your regular health maintenance.
⚠️ Untreated Chlamydia can cause:
Epididymitis:
Infection can spread to the testicles and the tube that carries sperm to your testicles (epididymis), causing symptoms like pain, swelling and tenderness in your testicles.
Reduced fertility:
Chlamydia can harm your sperm, negatively impacting your ability to conceive.
Untreated chlamydia can spread to your bloodstream, which:
Increases your risk of getting reactive arthritis, which causes your joints to swell and feel painful.
Increases your chances of contracting HIV.
In women, it can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), chronic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. It can also increase the risk of getting or transmitting HIV.
Chlamydia
Information References
What Chlamydia LGV is.
A more aggressive type of Chlamydia infection, caused by specific strains of the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria.
It's less common than typical chlamydia but can cause more serious, invasive symptoms. It's more prevalent in specific sexual networks, especially among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM).
Status of Chlamydia LGV:
Rare in most places but increasing among men who have sex with men in parts of Europe, North America, and Australia.
How Chlamydia LGV is Caught
Usually through:
Anal sex
Oral sex
Vaginal sex
Sex involving toys
Chlamydia LGV Prevention:
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Information about:
Chlamydia LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum)
Chlamydia LGV Symptoms
LGV progresses in stages and often involves the lymph nodes.
First Stage:
A small, painless sore or blister (often overlooked) that appears at the site of infection (genitals, anus, mouth). This sore usually heals quickly.
Secondary Stage (1-4 weeks later):
Swollen, painful lymph nodes in the groin (buboes) – may burst and leak pus
If the infection is in the rectum/anus, it may cause:
Severe rectal pain
Mucus discharge
Bleeding
Constipation
Feeling like you constantly need to poo
May be mistaken for inflammatory bowel disease
Other symptoms:
Chills
Fever
Body aches
Late Stage (if untreated):
Chronic swelling and tissue scarring
Genital elephantiasis – severe swelling of the genitals
Strictures – narrowing of the rectum or urethra
Fistulas – abnormal openings between organs
Chlamydia LGV
Treatment Options
Requires a longer course of specific antibiotics (typically doxycycline for 21 days or more).
It's crucial to complete the entire course of medication.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Severe, irreversible damage to genital and rectal tissues
Chronic pain
Disfigurement
Increased risk of getting or passing on HIV
What is Chancroid
A bacterial STI caused by Haemophilus ducreyi that causes painful open sores, usually on the genitals. It's rare in many developed countries but can occur in outbreaks and is more common in some parts of Africa and the Caribbean.
Status of Chancroid:
Rare worldwide, but still occurs in some parts of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean
How is Chancroid Caught
Through sexual contact with someone who has open chancroid sores, or through other physical contact with a sore.
🛡️ Prevention of Chancroid:
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
ℹ️ Information about:
Chancroid Information
Chancroid Symptoms
Starts as small, red bumps:
These quickly turn into very painful, open sores (ulcers) on the genitals or around the anus.
Ulcer appearance:
The sores often have soft, ragged edges, a gray or yellowish-gray base, and bleed easily if touched.
Discharge:
The sores may leak pus or contagious fluid.
Pain:
Sores are usually very painful in men, but may be less noticeable or painful if located inside the vagina or on the cervix in women. Pain during urination or sex can occur.
Swollen Lymph Nodes:
In about half of cases, the lymph nodes in the groin become swollen, painful, and tender. These swollen glands (buboes) can sometimes rupture and drain pus.
Chancroid Treatment Options
Cured with antibiotics, usually a single dose or a course of several days (e.g., azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or erythromycin). It's important to complete the full course of medication.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Sores can persist for weeks or months, causing significant pain and potentially leading to permanent scarring. Untreated buboes can rupture and form draining abscesses. Chancroid increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV due to the open sores
Chancroid
Information References
What is Cytomegalovirus
A very common virus belonging to the herpes family. Once infected, the virus stays in the body for life.
How Cytomegalovirus is Caught?
Close contact with body fluids, including:
Saliva/spit
Urine/pee
Blood
Breast milk
Semen/cum
Vaginal fluids
Can also spread through:
Casual contact with infected children
Organ transplants
Blood transfusions
🛡️ Cytomegalovirus Prevention:
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
ℹ️ Information about:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Information
Cytomegalovirus Symptoms
Often asymptomatic:
Most healthy people have no symptoms.
Mild symptoms (if any):
Often mild or flu-like, and may include:
Fever
Fatigue
Sore throat
Swollen glands
Muscle aches
Skin rash
Symptoms usually go away on their own
⚠️ Severe symptoms (rare, mainly in vulnerable groups):
People at Risk for Serious CMV Issues?
Newborns (congenital CMV)
People with weakened immune systems, such as:
People with HIV
Organ/stem cell transplant recipients
Chemotherapy patients
CMV can affect:
Eyes – vision loss
Lungs – pneumonia
Digestive system
Liver
Brain – encephalitis
Cytomegalovirus
Treatment Options
Most healthy people do not require treatment.
Antiviral medications may be used for newborns with symptomatic congenital CMV or for individuals with weakened immune systems to manage the virus and prevent serious complications.
These medications can weaken the virus but do not cure the infection.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
In healthy people:
Rarely causes serious long-term issues
In people with weakened immune systems:
Can lead to severe organ damage,
Chronic health problems,
And may be life-threatening if untreated
Congenital CMV (passed to baby during pregnancy):
Hearing loss
Developmental delays
Vision problems
Cytomegalovirus
Information References
General & Global Information
View Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection Mayo Clinic Website
View Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Pregnancy March of Dimes Website
United Kingdom
View CMV (cytomegalovirus) NHS Website
New Zealand
View Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Healthify Website
View Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Star Ship Hospital Website
Australian Specific Resources:
View Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and pregnancy fact sheet NSW Health Website
View Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in pregnancy.Pregnancy, Birth and Baby (Australian Government) Website
View Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (PDF) Website
View Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists RANZCOG Webasite
Donovanosis Information
What Donovanosis is
Donovanosis is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection that causes painless, beefy-red ulcers on the genitals which slowly grow and destroy the surrounding skin.
A chronic bacterial STI caused by Klebsiella granulomatis.
Donovanosis Status:
Very rare in places like the USA, UK, Europe, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand, with most cases linked to travel
More common in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Papua New Guinea, India, Southern Africa, Northern Australia, Brazil, and the Caribbean
How is Donovanosis Caught
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Likely spread through direct contact with sores
Non-sexual transmission is rare
🛡️ Donovanosis Prevention:
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
ℹ️ Information about:
Donovanosis Symptoms
Symptoms and signs usually appear 1-12 weeks after infection, but can take up to a year.
Painless bumps/sores:
Starts as one or more small, painless red bumps (papules or nodules) on or near the genitals or anus.
Beefy-red ulcers:
These bumps slowly enlarge and break down into characteristic "beefy-red," raised, velvety ulcers that bleed easily when touched. The edges of the ulcers may be irregular or "snake-like."
Foul smell:
Sores may develop an offensive smell if a secondary bacterial infection occurs.
Spreading lesions:
Without treatment, the sores progressively grow and destroy surrounding genital tissue. They can also appear in the mouth or throat if oral sex was involved.
Donovanosis
Treatment Options
Curable with a prolonged course of antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin, doxycycline).
Treatment typically lasts at least 3 weeks or until all sores have completely healed.
Follow-up is crucial as recurrence can happen.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Ulcers can persist and grow
Can cause scarring and disfigurement
Blocked lymph vessels may lead to painful swelling
Narrowing of the vagina, anus, or urethra
Rarely, infection can spread to bones or organs
Increases risk of HIV transmission
Long-lasting ulcers may rarely become cancerous
Donovanosis
Information References
General & Global Information
View Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Website
View Donovanosis MedlinePlus Website
View Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis) Cleveland Clinic Website
United Kingdom Information
View Rare ‘flesh eating’ STI becoming more common in the UK, says doctor. The Independent Website
New Zealand Information
View Granuloma inguinale Derm Net Website
Australian Information
View Donovanosis STI Guidelines Australia Website
View Donovanosis Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care Website
Genital Herpes
(HSV-1, HSV-2)
What Genital Herpes is
A common viral infection that causes sores, usually around the genitals or mouth. It is not curable, but manageable.
Genital Herpes Status:
Very common worldwide
How is Genital Herpes Caught
A herpes sore (even if it's healing)
Saliva from someone with oral herpes
Genital fluids from someone with genital herpes
Skin-to-skin contact — around the mouth if they have oral herpes, or the genitals if they have genital herpes
🛡️Genital Herpes Prevention:
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Genital Herpes Symptoms
Often mild or absent: Many people don't know they have it.
First outbreak
Can be more severe with flu-like symptoms:
Fever
Body aches
Swollen glands
Outbreaks
Clusters of small, painful blisters that break open to form sores in:
Genitals (penis, vulva, vagina)
Balls (testicles)
Anus (butthole)
Mouth (lips, inside of the mouth)
Eye (rare but possible)
Recurrent outbreaks:
Usually less severe and shorter in duration.
ℹ️ Information about:
Genital Herpes
Treatment Options
Currently there is no cure, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks, and lower the risk of transmission to partners.
How to Deal with Outbreaks Yourself
✅ Do:
Keep the area clean using plain or salt water to prevent blisters becoming infected
Apply an ice pack wrapped in a flannel to soothe pain
Apply petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) or painkilling cream (such as 5% lidocaine) to reduce pain when you pee
Wash your hands before and after applying cream or jelly
Pee while pouring water over your genitals to ease the pain
❌ Do Not:
Do not wear tight clothing that may irritate blisters or sores
Do not put ice directly on the skin
Do not touch your blisters or sores unless you're applying cream
Do not have vaginal, anal or oral sex until the sores have gone away
⚠️ Untreated Effects
While not life-threatening, untreated herpes can lead to more frequent and severe outbreaks, significant discomfort, and in rare cases, complications in people with weakened immune systems. It also increases the risk of HIV transmission.
Managing Genital Herpes Information
Practical Sex & Living with Herpes:
Communicate with Partners/Sex worker/Client:
It's essential and respectful to discuss your herpes status with any potential sexual partners before engaging in sexual activity. This allows them to make informed decisions.
🚫 Avoid Sex During Outbreaks
The risk of transmitting herpes is highest when you have visible sores, blisters, or feel tingling/itching (prodromal symptoms) that indicate an outbreak is starting.
It's best to avoid all sexual contact (vaginal, anal, oral) from the first sign of an outbreak until all sores have completely healed and new skin has formed.
Always Use Condoms Consistently
Even when you don't have an outbreak, condoms can help reduce the risk of transmission, although they don't cover all affected skin. Use them correctly and consistently for every sexual act.
Antiviral Medication
Taking daily antiviral medication (suppressive therapy) can significantly reduce the frequency of outbreaks and lower the risk of transmitting the virus to partners by 70-90%. Discuss this option with your doctor.
Wash Hands
Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after touching any sores to prevent spreading the virus to other parts of your body or to others.
Be Aware of Prodromal Symptoms
Learn to recognise the early signs of an impending outbreak (like tingling, itching, or pain) so you can avoid sex and prevent transmission.
Remember:
While herpes can be managed, it requires ongoing awareness and communication. Many people with herpes have fulfilling sex lives by taking precautions and being open with their partners.
Genital Herpes
Information References
General & Global Information
View About Genital Herpes on Center of Disease Control Website
View Herpes - STI Treatment Guidelines on Center of Disease Control Website
View Genital herpes - Symptoms and causes on Mayo Clinic Website
View Herpes simplex virus on World Health Organization (WHO) Website
United Kingdom Information
View Genital herpes on NHS Website
View Guidance - Genital herpes UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) Website
New Zealand Information
View Genital herpes on Healthify (NZ) Website
View Genital Herpes Simplex Virus on New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS) Website
View What is Genital Herpes? - HE1443 on Health Ed Website
View Genital Herpes on Sexual Wellbeing Aotearoa Website
Australian Information
View Genital Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) on STI Guidelines Australia Website
View Genital Herpes on Sexual Health Victoria (SHV) Website
Oral Herpes
(Cold Sores) Information
What Oral Herpes is
A common viral infection caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), most often HSV-1.
It typically causes sores around the mouth, commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters, but can also cause genital herpes through oral-genital contact
Oral Herpes Status:
Very common worldwide
How is Oral Herpes Caught:
Direct Contact:
Mostly through kissing or close contact with someone who has it
Can also spread by sharing cups, utensils, lip balm, or toothbrushes
Many people catch it as children, through non-sexual contact
Sexual Transmission:
It can spread during oral sex/blowjobs etc
If someone with oral herpes gives oral sex, they can pass the virus to their partner’s genitals.
Also, if someone with genital herpes gives oral sex, they can pass it to their partner’s mouth.
No Symptoms/Cold-sores:
The virus can spread even when there are no sores or symptoms, but it’s most contagious when sores are visible.
🛡️Oral Herpes Prevention:
Checking for signs for before activity
Condom use for oral sex/blow jobs etc
Oral Herpes Symptoms:
Often mild or absent/no signs:
Many people don't know they have it.
If symptoms occur, they usually involve outbreaks around the mouth or lips:
Clusters of small, painful blisters that break opeIf symptoms occur, they usually involve outbreaks around the mouth or lips:
Tingling, itching, or burning sensation before sores appear.
Small, painful, fluid-filled blisters that form in clusters, most commonly on the lips or around the mouth.
Blisters burst and crust over, forming scabs before healing (typically within 7-10 days).
First Oral Herpes Outbreak
Can be more severe with flu-like symptoms:
Fever
Body aches
Swollen glands
Recurrent outbreaks:
Usually less severe and shorter in duration.
ℹ️ Information about:
Oral Herpes Management
Common triggers that can wake the virus:
Stress
Being sick (cold, flu)
Feeling tired
Hormone changes (like during periods)
Sunlight or UV exposure (especially for cold sores)
Friction or skin irritation (tight clothes, rough sex)
Weakened immune system
Surgery near the area
Certain foods (like nuts or chocolate), though this isn’t certain
How to manage and reduce Oral Herpes Outbreaks
Antiviral meds
Take right when you feel warning signs to make outbreaks shorter and milder
Daily meds can reduce outbreaks by 70–80% and lower chances of passing herpes to partners
Avoid triggers if you know what causes your Oral Herpes Outbreaks
Take care
Keep the area clean, wear loose clothes, use cool compresses, and take pain relief if needed
Avoid sex during outbreaks
Herpes spreads easiest when sores or warning signs are present
Use condoms consistently
Even when no symptoms are there, condoms reduce the risk but don’t cover all areas
Remember:
Herpes can still spread even without sores, so talk openly with partners and take precautions
Oral Herpes
Information References
View Cold sores on NHS Website
View Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Types Symptoms, & Treatment on Cleveland Clinic Website
View Oral Herpes: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment on Cleveland Clinic Website
View Herpes simplex virus on World Health Organization (WHO) Website
View Understanding Oral Herpes Answers to Your Questions on ASHA American Sexual Health Association Website
Gonorrhoea Information
What Gonorrhoea petri dish illustration is
Gonorrhoea is a common bacterial STI that can infect the genitals, throat, or rectum.
Gonorrhoea Status:
Very common worldwide
How is Gonorrhoea Caught
Unprotected/condomless:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Deep Kissing
🛡️ Gonorrhoea Prevention:
👀 Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Gonorrhoea Symptoms
Often no symptoms or signs
Many people don’t know they have it.
In men and some trans women:
White, yellow, or green discharge from the penis,
Pain or burning when peeing,
Painful or swollen testicle/balls.
In women and some trans men
Vaginal discharge (watery, creamy, or slightly green)
Pain or burning when peeing, bleeding between periods, and lower belly pain.
In throat or rectum/bum:
Usually no symptoms, but can cause:
Sore throat
Discharge
Itching
Bleeding
Gonorrhoea Treatment
Gonorrhoea can be cured usually one injection plus antibiotics.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Similar to chlamydia, untreated gonorrhoea can lead to serious health issues like PID in women, epididymitis in men, infertility, and in rare cases, can spread to the blood or joints, becoming life-threatening. It also increases HIV risk.
View Gonorrhoea
Information References
General & Global Information
View Gonorrhea on CDC Fact Sheet Website
View Gonorrhea - Symptoms and causes on Mayo Clinic Website
View Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea on World Health Organization (WHO) Website
View Gonorrhea on MedlinePlus Website
United Kingdom Information
View Gonorrhoea on NHS Website
View UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
New Zealand Information
View Gonorrhoea on Healthify (NZ) Website
View STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Gonorrhoea.
View New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS) on Gonorrhoea
View Gonorrhoea on Burnett Foundation Aotearoa
🇦🇺 Australian Information
View Gonorrhoea on STI Guidelines Australia
View Gonorrhoea infection Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
Drug Resistant Gonorrhoea Information
What Drug Resistant Gonorrhoea is
A drug-resistant form of gonorrhoea caused by strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that no longer respond to most antibiotics. In some cases, it may be very hard or currently impossible to treat. It's a serious global health concern.
Drug Resistant Gonorrhoea Status:
Rare, but increasing worldwide, especially in places with high gonorrhoea rates and antibiotic misuse.
Notable cases have been reported in:
UK, Australia, Japan, Thailand, and the USA.
Health experts warn it could become more common without better prevention and treatment.
How is Drug Resistant Gonorrhoea Caught?
Through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
From a partner who wasn’t fully cured or didn’t get re-tested
Can infect the throat through oral sex
Even if you have no symptoms, you can still pass it on
🛡️ Drug Resistant Gonorrhoea Prevention
Since treatment is getting harder, prevention is critical:
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Drug Resistant Gonorrhoea Symptoms
Same as regular gonorrhoea:
Discharge
Pain when peeing
Burning or itching
Needing to pee often
Genital pain
⚠️ The Key differences:
Symptoms may not go away after treatment or may get worse despite antibiotics.
Drug Resistant Gonorrhoea Treatment Options
Doctors may need to use stronger or combined antibiotics based on local resistance patterns. There are very few options left, and new drugs are still in development.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Super Gonorrhoea can cause serious complications:
Infertility
PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
DGI (Disseminated Gonococcal Infection)
These are harder to manage and potentially life-threatening if the infection resists treatment.
Drug Resistant Gonorrhoea Information References
General & Global Information:
View Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea on World Health Organization (WHO) Website
View Drug-Resistant Gonorrhea on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Website
United Kingdom Information
Hepatitis A Information
What Hepatitis A is
A viral infection of the liver that is usually acute (short-term) and does not lead to chronic disease.
Hepatitis A Status:
Common in areas with poor sanitation
How is Hepatitis A Caught
Poo/fecal contaminated:
Food
Drinking
Close contact with someone who has the virus
Hepatitis A Prevention
A safe and effective vaccine is available for Hepatitis A in some countries.
Practicing good hand hygiene (especially after using the bathroom and before preparing food) and ensuring safe food and water practices are also crucial.
Hepatitis A Symptoms
Often no symptoms or signs:
Many people (especially children), may have no symptoms.
When Hepatitis A Symptoms Occur:
Sudden onset of:
Fever
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Stomach pain,
Dark urine
Clay-coloured bowel movements/poo
Joint pain
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Symptoms usually last less than 2 months.
Hepatitis A Treatment Options
There is no specific treatment for Hepatitis A. Care focuses on supportive measures to relieve symptoms. Most people recover fully without long-term liver damage.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Hepatitis A rarely causes severe illness, but in rare cases, particularly in older adults or those with underlying liver disease, it can lead to acute liver failure, which can be fatal.
ℹ️ Information about:
Hepatitis A
Information References
🌍 General & Global Information
View Hepatitis A World Health Organization (WHO) Website
View Clinical Overview of Hepatitis A on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Website
View Hepatitis A on Mayo Clinic Website
View Hepatitis A on MedlinePlus Website
🇬🇧 United Kingdom Information
View Hepatitis A on NHS Website
View Hepatitis A: guidance, data and analysis on UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) Website
View Hepatitis A on NHS inform (Scotland) Website
🇳🇿 New Zealand Information
View Hepatitis A on Healthify (NZ) Website
View Hepatitis A on Immunisation Advisory Centre (IMAC) Website
View Hepatitis A on Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand Website
🇦🇺 Australian Information
View Hepatitis A on Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care Website
View Hepatitis A vaccine on Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care Website
View Hepatitis A on Health Direct Website
Asia Specific Information
View Western Pacific (WPRO) on World Health Organization (WHO) Website
View South-East Asia Hepatitis A / Viral Hepatitis Website
View World Health Organization (WHO)
View National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), India Hepatitis A Guidelines PDF
View Hepatitis A Information from National Centre for Infectious Diseases Singapore
Hepatitis B Information
What Hepatitis B is
A viral infection of the liver that is usually acute (short-term) and does not lead to chronic disease.
Hepatitis B Status:
Very common worldwide especially in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific.
How Hepatitis B is Caught
Unprotected sex (contact with semen or vaginal fluids)
Sharing needles or injecting equipment
From parent to baby during birth
Contact with infected blood or other body fluids
Hepatitis B Prevention
Vaccine: A safe and highly effective vaccine is available for Hepatitis B. Practicing safe sex and not sharing needles also help prevent transmission.
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Hepatitis B Symptoms
Many people may have no symptoms.
When symptoms occur
Fever
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Stomach pain,
Dark urine
Joint pain
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Symptoms can last for several weeks
Hepatitis B Treatment
Currently no specific treatment for acute Hepatitis B; care focuses on comfort.
Chronic Hepatitis B can be managed with antiviral medications, often lifelong, to control the virus and reduce liver damage.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Chronic Hepatitis B can lead to serious liver problems, including cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, and liver cancer, which can be fatal.
ℹ️ Information about:
Hepatitis B
Information References
🌍 General & Global Information:
View Hepatitis B World Health Organization (WHO)
View Hepatitis B: What It Is, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment Cleveland Clinic website
View Hepatitis B Basics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
View Hepatitis B Vaccine Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
View Hepatitis B Tools & Resources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
View Hepatitis B - Symptoms & causes Mayo Clinic Website
View Hepatitis B MedlinePlus Website
United Kingdom Information
View Hepatitis B: guidance, data and analysis. UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
View Hepatitis B: A guide to your care in pregnancy and after your baby is born. PDF by UKHSA
View Hepatitis B NHS inform (Scotland) Website
New Zealand Information
View Hepatitis B Healthify (NZ)
View Hepatitis B vaccines\ Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
View STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Hepatitis A, B and C. From New Zealand Sexual Health Society
Hepatitis B from The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand
Australian Information
Hepatitis B from Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
View Hepatitis B from Australian Immunisation Handbook
View Hepatitis B in Australia PDF from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)
View Hepatitis B from STI Guidelines Australia.
South America Information
View Hepatitis B from Pan American Health Organization
View Hepatites Virais from Brazil Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde).
View Hepatitis B from Argentina Ministry of Health | Ministerio de Salud
Asia Specific Information
View Viral Hepatitis from World Health Organization (WHO)
View Viral Hepatitis from Western Pacific (WPRO)
View Hepatitis B from Ministry of Health (MOH) Singapore
View Hepatitis B epidemiology and prevention from China CDC (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
View Viral Hepatitis & Biotechnology Division from National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), India
Hepatitis C Information
What is Hepatitis C
A viral infection that attacks the liver. Often becomes a chronic infection.
Hepatitis C Status:
Higher rates:
Egypt, Pakistan, Russia
Parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and some African countries.
Moderate rates
USA, Italy, Brazil, Turkey, China
Lower rates
UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Most of Western Europe
How Hepatitis C is Caught
Mostly through sharing needles or injecting equipment
Can spread through sex, more likely with rough sex, lots of partners, or if other STIs are present
Can pass from parent to baby during birth
Hepatitis C Prevention
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Hepatitis C Symptoms
Often no symptoms for many years, even with chronic infection.
When symptoms occur (for acute infection):
Fever
Fatigue (feeling very tired)
Dark urine
Clay-coloured poo
Stomach pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Joint pain
Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)
Hepatitis C Treatment Options
There are highly effective antiviral medications that can cure Hepatitis C for most people.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Chronic Hepatitis C can lead to serious liver damage over time, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
ℹ️ Information
Hepatitis C
Information References
General & Global Information
View Hepatitis C World Health Organization (WHO) website
View Hepatitis C - Symptoms & causes Mayo Clinic website
View Hepatitis C MedlinePlus website
United Kingdom Information
View Hepatitis C: guidance, data and analysis. UK Health Security Agency Website
View Hepatitis C British Liver Trust website
New Zealand Information
View Hepatitis C Healthify (NZ) website
View Hepatitis C The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand website
Australian Information
View Hepatitis C Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care website
View Hepatitis C by Hepatitis Australia website
View Hepatitis C STI Guidelines Australia website
South America Information
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases website
View Argentina Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud) Hepatitis C website
Asia Specific Information
View Hepatitis C Communicable Diseases Agency Singapore website
Hepatitis D (HDV) Information
What Hepatitis D is
Hepatitis D is a special kind of virus that can’t spread or grow on its own, it needs Hepatitis B to survive. So, you can only get Hepatitis D if you already have Hepatitis B.
Hepatitis D Status:
Rare worldwide, but more common in some regions like parts of:
Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Middle East
Africa
Especially among people with chronic Hepatitis B or those who inject drugs.
How Hepatitis D is Caught
Hepatitis D spreads in similar ways to Hepatitis B- mainly through:
Blood contact e.g.
Sharing needles or other injecting gear
From parent to baby during birth .
It can also be passed through sex without a condom:
Anal
Vaginal
Hepatitis D is less common than with Hepatitis B.
Theoretically possible through oral sex, it is considered very low risk for Hepatitis D transmission.
Hepatitis D Prevention
Vaccination against Hepatitis B effectively prevents Hepatitis D infection in those not already infected with HBV.
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Hepatitis D Symptoms
It takes 2–8 weeks to develop symptoms after exposure symptoms include:
Dark urine
Pale poo (stools)
Jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes)
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain and tenderness
Nausea and vomiting
Fever
Hepatitis D
Treatment Options
Pegylated interferon is the main medication used. It works by helping the immune system fight the virus. Treatment usually lasts at least 48 weeks, but only some people respond well.
Newer treatments (like bulevirtide) are being developed and used in some countries, but access may be limited.
If you have both Hepatitis B and D, your doctor will focus on treating both infections and monitoring your liver health closely.
A healthy lifestyle - avoiding alcohol and managing other health conditions is also important to protect your liver.
In severe cases, especially with advanced liver damage, liver transplant may be needed.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Liver inflammation that gets worse over time
Cirrhosis:
Scarring of the liver, which can stop it from working properly
Liver failure
Liver cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma): A higher risk than with Hepatitis B alone
Shortened life expectancy if the liver becomes too damaged
May lead to needing a liver transplant in advanced cases
Hepatitis D
Information References
General & Global Information
View Hepatitis D World Health Organization website
View Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website
View Hepatitis D Cleveland Clinic website
View Hepatitis D National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website
🇬🇧 United Kingdom Information
New Zealand Information
View Hepatitis D on The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand website
View Hepatitis B vaccines on Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand website
Australian Specific Information
View Hepatitis D on Australian Liver Foundation website
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
South America Information
View Hepatite D Brazil Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde) website
🌏 Asia Specific Information
View Abbas Z, Jafri W, Raza S. Hepatitis D: Scenario in the Asia-Pacific region. Website
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Volume 21, Issue 8, 2051 - 2064
Hepatitis E (HEV) Information
What Hepatitis E is
Hepatitis E is a short-term liver infection caused by a virus called HEV. It’s found all over the world and is one of the most common causes of sudden liver inflammation.
Hepatitis E Status:
HEV is most common in parts of:
Sub-Saharan Africa
South & Central Asia
East Asia
In areas like:
Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand, HEV is being found more often too but in a different way:
Mostly from animals (genotypes 3 & 4)
Spread by eating undercooked pork, wild boar, venison, or shellfish
How Hepatitis E is Caught
Fecal/Poo–Oral Route:
The virus is passed out in poop and can enter someone else’s body through the mouth - usually via dirty water or food.
Contaminated Water
Most common in countries with poor sanitation
Contaminated Food
Undercooked meat
Especially pork, wild boar, or venison (common in developed countries – genotypes 3 & 4)
Shellfish:
Can collect the virus from dirty water
Raw/unwashed produce:
Grown with dirty irrigation water
Person-to-Person Contact
Less common than Hep A
Can happen through close contact or poor hygiene 👐Mother-to-Baby Transmission
Can happen during pregnancy or birthBlood Transfusions
Rare, but possible, especially where blood isn’t properly screened
Hepatitis E Prevention
Vaccine
A vaccine for Hepatitis E (Hecolin®) is licensed and available in China and a few other countries.
It has been used successfully in outbreak responses (e.g., in South Sudan) but is not globally available or part of routine immunisation schedules in most other countries.
❌ Not sharing needles
Using a dam/dental dam for:
🍑 Rimming/Anus oral sex
Hepatitis E Symptoms
Most people with Hepatitis E don’t feel sick or only have mild symptoms.
When symptoms do appear, they usually show up 2–10 weeks after exposure and can last for 2–6 weeks.
Here are the common symptoms:
Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and eyes
Dark pee & 💩 Pale poo
Extreme tiredness and weakness
Nausea, 🤮 vomiting, and 😖 stomach pain
Loss of appetite
Fever
Swollen liver (hepatomegaly)
Hepatitis E
Treatment Options
Acute Hepatitis E (Most People):
For most healthy people, no special treatment is needed.
Hepatitis E usually clears up on its own in a few weeks or months.
Supportive care includes:
Rest
Hydration
Nutrition
Avoid alcohol and unnecessary meds – These can make liver damage worse
Hospital care may be needed in severe cases, especially if liver failure develops.
Chronic Hepatitis E (in people with weak immune systems):
In people with weakened immunity (like organ transplant recipients or those with HIV), Hepatitis E can become chronic and cause serious liver damage.
Treatment may include:
Reducing immune-suppressing meds – If possible, this helps the body fight the virus
Ribavirin – The main antiviral medicine, taken as pills for 3–6 months
Pegylated Interferon (PEG-IFNα) – Used in rare cases if Ribavirin isn’t suitable, but it can have strong side effects and isn’t safe for everyone
Special Cases:
Pregnant people – Ribavirin is not safe during pregnancy. Care focuses on monitoring and supportive treatment.
People with existing liver disease – They need extra monitoring, as HEV can cause serious complications.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
For most healthy people, Hepatitis E is mild and clears up on its own.
The body fights off the virus, and most people recover fully with lifelong immunity.
But for some people, the illness can become very serious:
Pregnant People (especially in 3rd trimester):
Higher risk of acute liver failure
Miscarriage or stillbirth
Death in up to 1 in 4 cases (15–25%)
This is more likely with genotypes 1 and 2.
People with Weakened Immune Systems (e.g., HIV, organ transplant):
May develop chronic Hepatitis E
Leads to liver scarring (fibrosis) or cirrhosis
Needs antiviral treatment or reduced immunosuppressants
People with Existing Liver Disease:
At risk of liver failure if they catch Hep E
May experience acute-on-chronic liver failure
Higher chance of severe illness or death
Hepatitis E
Information References
Worldwide/Global Information:
View Hepatitis E World Health Organization website
View Hepatitis E Basics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2025, January 31)
View Hepatitis E Cleveland Clinic website
View Hepatitis E Virus Africa CDC website
View Hepatitis E Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications. MedicineNet website
View Hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals. PubMed Central (PMC). (2022) Website
View Mutagenic Effects of Ribavirin on Hepatitis E Virus—Viral Extinction versus Selection of Fitness-Enhancing Mutations. MDPI. (2016)
View Hepatitis E virus persists in the presence of a type III interferon response. PLOS Pathogens. (2017)
View Hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy. German National Library of Medicine
United Kingdom Information
View What causes hepatitis E and who is most at risk? British Liver Trust
View Treatment for hepatitis E British Liver Trust
View Hepatitis E PDF Public Health Scotland. (2025, May 22).
New Zealand Information
View Hepatitis E The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand
View Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Awanui Labs - Wellington
Australian Information
VIew Hepatitis E fact sheet NSW Health. (2022, November 8)
View Queensland Health Hepatitis E (2023, November 8)
South America Information
View Hepatitis E Virus Research in Brazil: Looking Back and Forwards. PubMed Central (PMC). (2023)
Asia Information
View Hong Kong Hepatitis E Centre for Health Protection (CHP)
View Hepatitis E.Communicable Diseases Agency (Singapore)
View Hepatitis E Questions and Answers for Health Professionals.CDC Archive (US CDC)
Hepatitis G
(GBV-C/Pegivirus HPgV)
What Hepatitis G is
Hepatitis G, now often called human pegivirus (HPgV), is a virus related to Hepatitis C but is not known to cause serious liver damage.
Unlike Hepatitis A–E, it doesn’t lead to hepatitis (liver inflammation).
Some studies suggest it might slow HIV progression in people who have both viruses - but more research is needed.
Hepatitis G Status:
Occasional but not well tracked
Hepatitis G is found worldwide, but routine testing isn’t common because it rarely causes illness.
Many people may carry the virus without knowing, and it’s not considered a major public health concern.
How Hepatitis G is Caught?
Sharing needles
Blood transfusions (rare)
Organ transplant – If the donor had the virus.
Sexual contact - Possible, but less common than with Hep B or C.
During childbirth – Can pass from an infected mother to her baby.
Hepatitis G Prevention
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Hepatitis G Symptoms
Usually no symptoms – Most people don’t feel sick or notice anything unusual.
If symptoms do happen (rare):
Mild and vague (not specific to the liver)
Might feel a bit off, but nothing major
Liver tests (like ALT) usually normal or only slightly high
Hepatitis G Treatment Options
There’s no specific treatment for Hepatitis G, because:
It usually doesn’t make people sick
It doesn’t cause serious liver damage like Hep B or C
It can stay in your body long-term (chronic), but:
It doesn’t lead to liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer
People often have it without knowing and don’t need treatment
If someone has Hep G along with Hep B, C, or HIV, it usually doesn’t make those conditions worse.
ℹ️ Information
Hepatitis G
Information References
General & Global Information:
View Hepatitis G The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand website
View What is hepatitis G and how can a person prevent it? Medical News Today website
United Kingdom Information
View GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C/HGV): still looking for a disease PMC (J Med Virol. 2001)
Australian Information
HIV & AIDS
Information
What HIV and AIDS is
HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system.
If left untreated, it can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) People on HIV treatment with an undetectable viral load can’t pass it on through sex.
HIV Status:
Common worldwide
How HIV is Caught
Unprotected/Condomless Sex
Vaginal sex – high risk if no condom
Anal sex – highest risk without a condom
Oral sex – very low risk; no confirmed cases, but still possible if there are cuts or bleeding gums
Through certain body fluids
Blood
Semen (cum)
Pre-cum,
Rectal fluids
Vaginal fluids
Breast milk
Other Ways HIV can be Passed:
Sharing needles or syringes
From parent to baby during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding
Accidental needle sticks (healthcare workers)
Blood transfusions (rare in countries with proper screening)
HIV Prevention
PrEP - a pill or injection you take before sex. Veiw info here
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
ℹ️ Information about:
HIV and AIDS
Symptoms
1️⃣ Acute HIV (first 2–4 weeks):
Some people get flu-like symptoms soon after infection.
Common signs:
Feeling sick
Fever
Tiredness
Muscle aches
Skin rash
Headache
Sore throat
Swollen glands
Mouth ulcers
☝️ These can be mild or missed completely - some people feel totally fine.
2️⃣ No Symptoms (Clinical Latency):
After the early stage, HIV can be silent for years - sometimes 10 or more.
The virus is still there, but you might not feel sick at all.
3️⃣ AIDS (Advanced HIV):
If untreated, HIV can weaken the immune system over time.
Signs include:
Fast weight loss
Repeated fevers
Night sweats
Swollen glands
Long-lasting diarrhoea
Sores on the mouth, anus, or genitals
Infections like pneumonia
Memory problems
HIV Prevention PEP
If risk is within 72 hours of HIV exposure PEP is the best option - available in most countries.
View PEP Finder
HIV and AIDS
Treatment Options
HIV management is called Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), a combination of medications that suppresses the virus in the body.
The main goal is to lower the amount of HIV (viral load) to an undetectable level. Achieving this allows the immune system to recover and function properly, helping individuals with HIV to live long, healthy lives. Consistent treatment is key to maintaining these benefits.
ART works by combining drugs from different classes, each targeting a specific stage of the HIV lifecycle to stop it from replicating. Key classes include Integrase Inhibitors (INSTIs) and Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs).
Modern treatment regimens often combine several of these medications into a single, once-daily tablet, which greatly simplifies treatment and improves adherence.
Significant advancements include long-acting injectable medications, administered every one to two months, providing an alternative to daily pills. Furthermore, the scientific consensus of "Undetectable = Untransmittable " (U=U) confirms that a person with a sustained undetectable viral load cannot sexually transmit HIV to others. This understanding has been crucial in reducing stigma and empowering people living with HIV.
HIV Prevention PEP
If risk is within 72 hours of HIV exposure PEP is the best option - available in most countries.
PEP Finder here
HIV and AIDS
Information References
Global & General Information
View HIV/AIDS Stanford Medicine Health Care
View Oral sex and HIV AIDS Map
View HIV/AIDS World Health Organization
View Acute HIV Infection Chapters and Articles (Overview of ART, Prevention & HIV/AIDS) Science Direct
View Early HIV symptoms: What are they? Mayo Clinic
View HIV.gov. (n.d.). PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
United Kingdom Information
New Zealand Information
View Treatments Burnett Foundation
View Burnett Foundation Aotearoa. (n.d.). PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis).
View Burnett Foundation Aotearoa. (n.d.). Emergency HIV Prevention - PEP.
View BPAC NZ (n.d.). B-QuiCK: HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
Media Information
View Top 10 Stigma-Busting Myths About HIV By Demetre C. Daskalakis, December 1, 2017 Them
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
Information
What HPV is
A viral infection. Some types cause genital warts, while others can cause certain cancers. Not all types are high-risk.
HPV Status:
Very common worldwide
How HPV is Caught
Skin-to-skin contact,usually during sex.
It doesn’t require full penetrative sex. You can catch it through:
Vaginal, anal, or oral sex
Genital rubbing or touching
Sharing sex toys
Rarely, it may also be passed from a pregnant person to their baby during birth
HPV Prevention
Vaccine Prevention
Safe, free (or low-cost) in many places.
It protects against the most harmful types (like those causing cancer or genital warts)
Best given before you become sexually active, but still helpful afterward
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
HPV Symptoms:
Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and go away on their own.
Genital/Anus Warts:
Small or large, flat or raised, flesh-coloured red bumps or cauliflower-like growths on or around the genitals or anus.
Cancer-causing types:
Usually no symptoms until advanced stages of cancer develop.
Treatment Options
Warts can be treated with topical medications, freezing, or surgical removal, but the virus often remains. There is no cure for the HPV virus itself.
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
Certain high-risk HPV types can lead to cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, mouth, and throat if left untreated over many years. Vaccination is available and highly recommended to prevent many high-risk HPV infections.
ℹ️ Information
HPV Information References
Global & General Information
View HPV Information Centre (Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO & IARC)
View HPV Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
View Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) and cervical cancer World Health Organization (WHO)
View HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Cleveland Clinic
View StatPearls - Human Papillomavirus NCBI Bookshelf
View Gardasil 9 Vaccine Immunisation Advisory Center
New Zealand Information
View HPV Immunisation Programme Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
View About HPV Screening Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
View Human papillomavirus (HPV) page Immunisation Advisory Centre
View HPV Vaccination Toolkit Cancer Society of New Zealand
View Cervical Screening Caner Society
View Sexually Transmitted Infections Education Foundation New Zealand HPV Project
HTLV (Human T-lymphotropic Virus) Information
What HTLV is
A retrovirus (similar to HIV) that infects T-cells, a type of white blood cell in the immune system. Once infected, the virus remains in the body for life. There are two main types: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2.
HTLV Europe Status: Rare
HTLV is very rare in Europe (UK, France, Germany, etc.). Most cases are imported or found in blood donors.
Higher rates in:
SW Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa)
Caribbean (Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidad)
West/Central Africa (e.g. Nigeria, Congo)
South America (Brazil, Peru, Colombia)
How to catch HTLV:
Sexual contact
This is considered the main or most frequent route of transmission, especially from men to women.
Mother-to-child:
Primarily through breastfeeding.
Blood contact:
Through sharing needles (e.g., among injection drug users), blood transfusions (though screening has reduced this risk in many countries), and organ transplants.
HTLV Prevention
Not sharing needles
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
HTLV Symptoms
Most people infected with HTLV do not develop any symptoms throughout their lives.
Associated Diseases (in a small percentage of people):
While rare, HTLV can lead to serious health conditions, often decades after initial infection.
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL):
An aggressive type of cancer affecting the blood and lymph nodes.
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP):
A progressive neurological disorder affecting the spinal cord, causing weakness, stiffness in the legs, and issues with bladder/bowel control.
⚠️ Other inflammatory conditions:
Such as uveitis (eye inflammation), infective dermatitis (skin condition), and certain autoimmune disorders.
HTLV Treatment
There is currently no cure for HTLV itself. Treatment focuses on managing the associated diseases if they develop.
For ATLL
treatment may involve chemotherapy and antiviral medications.
For HAM/TSP and other inflammatory conditions, treatment aims to manage symptoms and slow progression, often using corticosteroids.
⚠️ Untreated Effects
If associated conditions like ATLL or HAM/TSP develop and are left untreated, they can be severe, progressive, and potentially life-threatening.
ℹ️ Information
HTLV Information References
Intestinal Parasites Information
What Intestinal parasites are?
Microscopic organisms that can live in the intestines. While many intestinal parasites are acquired through contaminated food or water, some can be transmitted sexually, particularly through sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact.
Intestinal Parasites Status
Common in many parts of the world
How to catch Intestinal Parasites
Usually through the fecal/poo-oral route, meaning when microscopic amounts of feces/poo from an infected person are ingested by another person.
This can happen indirectly through contaminated hands, objects, or food, but also directly through:
Oral-anal sex (rimming). This is a direct route for transmission.
Fingering or other sexual contact. If fingers or objects contaminated with feces/poo come into contact with the mouth.
Intestinal Parasites Prevention
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Intestinal Parasites Symptoms
Giardiasis
Caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia.
Giardiasis Symptoms:
Can be asymptomatic. If symptoms occur, they typically appear 1-3 weeks after exposure and can include:
Watery, foul-smelling diarrhoea, fatigue, stomach cramps, bloating, gas, nausea, and weight loss. Rectal pain (proctitis) can occur, especially in men who have sex with men..
Amebiasis
Caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
Amebiasis Symptoms:
Often no symptoms. If symptoms occur, they can range from:
Mild diarrhoea and abdominal cramping to severe dysentery (bloody diarrhoea), fever, and even extra-intestinal disease (spread to liver or other organs).
Amebiasis Treatment Options
Treated with anti-parasitic medications (e.g., metronidazole followed by a luminal amebicide).
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Can lead to chronic digestive issues, malnutrition, and in rare severe cases (especially with amebiasis), can spread to other organs like the liver, causing abscesses. They can also increase the risk of other STIs by causing inflammation in the gut.
ℹ️ Information
Intestinal Parasites
Information References
Global & General Information
View Sexually Transmitted Parasitic Diseases PMC
View Sexual Transmission of Intestinal Parasites and Other Enteric Pathogens among Men Who Have Sex with Men Presenting Gastrointestinal Symptoms in an STI Unit in Barcelona, Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study - PMC
View Giardia infection (giardiasis) - Symptoms & causes Mayo Clinic
View Sexually Transmitted Enteric Infections - Infectious Diseases MSD Manual Professional Edition
Molluscum Contagiosum Information
What Molluscum Contagiosum is
A common viral skin infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a type of poxvirus.
Molluscum Contagiosum Status: Common worldwide
How to Catch Molluscum Contagiosum
Direct skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact in adults.
Contact with contaminated objects (like towels or clothing)
Scratching the bumps and then touching other areas of the body.
Molluscum Contagiosum Prevention
Washing hands frequently
Washing towels, sheets, pillowcases etc between each client
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Molluscum Contagiosum Symptoms
Painless, firm bumps:
Molluscum contagiosum causes small, raised bumps called Mollusca, which:
Usually look white, pink or the same colour as your skin
Feel firm, sometimes with a dip in the centre
Appear anywhere on your body, but rarely on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet
Are about the size of a pinhead to a pencil eraser
Itching/Soreness
While generally painless, the bumps can sometimes become itchy, sore, or red, especially if scratched.
Appearance time
Bumps typically appear 2-8 weeks after infection, but can take up to 6 months.
Molluscum Contagiosum Treatment Options
Self-limiting:
In many healthy individuals, the bumps will resolve on their own without treatment within 6-18 months, though it can sometimes take longer (up to several years).
Medical removal:
For cosmetic reasons, to prevent spread, or for those with weakened immune systems, a healthcare provider can remove the bumps using various methods, including:
Cryotherapy:
Freezing the bumps with liquid nitrogen.
Curettage:
Scraping the bumps off.
Topical medications:
Applying prescribed creams or solutions.
⛔️ Important note: Treatments remove the visible bumps but don't eliminate the virus from the body, meaning new bumps can appear, or reinfection is possible.
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
Persistent lesions:
If left untreated, the bumps can persist for a long time, potentially spreading to other areas of the body or to others through direct contact.
Secondary infection:
Scratching or picking at the bumps can lead to bacterial infections, which may require antibiotics.
Scarring:
While molluscum usually resolves without scarring, some treatments or vigorous scratching can lead to tiny scars or changes in skin pigmentation.
Eye inflammation:
If lesions are near the eyelids, they can cause conjunctivitis (pink eye).
Molluscum Contagiosum Information References
Monkeypox
Information
What MonkeyPox is
A viral disease that can cause a painful rash, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, and other flu-like symptoms.
While not officially classified as an STI, mpox has been passed through sexual contact., especially among men who have sex with men.
MonkeyPox Status
It’s more common in parts of Central and West Africa, but travel-related cases still pop up worldwide - including in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the US
How to catch MonkeyPox
Close Skin-to-Skin Contact
Including during sex, cuddling, massage, or body-to-body dancing.
Shared Items
You can also catch it by sharing unwashed towels, bedding, or sex toys used by someone with mpox.
Kissing, Oral, and Sex
Through oral, vaginal, and anal sex, especially when there’s direct contact with skin or sores.
Face-to-Face Contact
Less commonly, mpox can spread through prolonged close face-to-face contact, like deep kissing or during heavy breathing, especially in enclosed spaces.
⚠️ Important Note:
You don’t need to have penetrative sex to catch mpox. Touching someone’s skin during an intimate moment (even non-sexual) can be enough.
MonkeyPox Prevention
Mpox Vaccine
The Mpox vaccine is called JYNNEOS or Imvanex and helps protect against mpox
View more MoxPox Information
Washing hands frequently
Washing towels, sheets, pillowcases etc between each client
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
MonkeyPox Symptoms
Flu-like symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches
Back pain
Low energy/fatigue
Swollen glands (lymph nodes)
Rash (comes 1–3 days after fever or sometimes with no fever at all):
Starts as spots or pimples
Can turn into blisters or sores
Can be painful or itchy
Where the rash can appear:
Face
Mouth/throat
Palms of hands
Soles of feet
Groin
Genital area
ℹ️ Information
💊 Treatment Options
Most people with mpox get better on their own within 2–4 weeks.
There’s no specific cure, but you can manage symptoms and avoid spreading it:
🛌 Rest & Recover
😴Get plenty of rest
💧Drink fluids
🧼 Keep your body and sores clean
💊 Pain Relief & Soothing
🌡️ Use over-the-counter meds like: paracetamol or ibuprofen
🛁 Warm baths or saline rinses may help soothe painful sores
💆 Lidocaine gel or pain relief cream can ease discomfort if prescribed
🚫 Avoid Touching or Scratching Sores
Let sores heal naturally
🩹 Cover them with clean, dry bandages if needed
🧽 Wash hands often
🏥 When to Seek Medical Help
If you have severe pain, can’t eat/drink, or if sores are in the eyes, genitals, or rectum
Some people (like those with HIV, weakened immune systems, or pregnant people) may be offered antiviral medication (like tecovirimat / TPOXX) under medical guidanc
⚠️ Untreated Effects
While usually mild, severe cases can occur, especially in immunocompromised individuals, potentially leading to complications like bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, or eye infections.
MonkeyPox
Information References
Global & General Information
View Mpox World Health Organization
View Mpox Considerations for Sexual Health Services CDC NCHHSTP
Australian Information
View MPOX Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
New Zealand Information
View Mpox (monkeypox) Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
United Kingdom Information
Mononucleosis
Information
What ‘Mono’ /‘Kissing Disease’/Mononucleosis is
A common infectious disease, most often caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a type of herpes virus.
It's not considered an STI in the traditional sense, but its transmission through kissing makes it relevant for oral health awareness
Mononucleosis Status:
Common worldwide, especially among teens and young adults
How to Catch Mononucleosis
Primarily spread through saliva/spit. This is why it's often called "the kissing disease," but it can also be transmitted through sharing:
Kissing
Drinks
Food
Utensils
Mononucleosis Prevention
Limiting Kissing partners
Not sharing drinks
Not sharing food
Not sharing utensils
Mononucleosis Symptoms
Symptoms and signs can vary widely and include:
Extreme fatigue
Fever
Sore throat (often bad)
Swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck and armpits)
Swollen tonsils
Headache
Muscle aches
Sometimes a skin rash
Less common/more severe:
Swollen spleen
Swollen liver
Anemia
Incubation period:
Symptoms usually develop 4 to 6 weeks after exposure.
Duration:
Fatigue and weakness can last for weeks or even months after other symptoms resolve.
Mononucleosis
Treatment Options
There is no specific antiviral treatment for mono. Management focuses on supportive care:
Plenty of rest is crucial for recovery.
Drinking lots of fluids to stay hydrated.
Over-the-counter pain relievers (like ibuprofen or acetaminophen) for fever and sore throat.
When to see your doctor:
If you've been experiencing the above symptoms, you may have mononucleosis.
If your symptoms don't get better on their own in a week or two, see your doctor.
Avoid contact sports:
If the spleen is enlarged, avoid vigorous activities or contact sports for several weeks to prevent rupture.
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
Mono usually resolves without long-term problems. However, complications, though rare, can include:
Spleen rupture:
A serious and potentially life-threatening complication if the spleen is severely enlarged.
Liver problems:
Mild hepatitis or jaundice.
Anemia or low platelet count.
Neurological complications:
Very rarely, meningitis, encephalitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Chronic fatigue:
In some cases, prolonged fatigue can persist for months after the initial illness.
Mononucleosis Information References
Global & General Information
Mycoplasma Genitalium
Information
What Mycoplasma Genitalium is
A bacterial STI caused by Mycoplasma genitalium that is often asymptomatic but can lead to inflammation and serious complications if left untreated. It's a "fastidious" bacterium, meaning it's difficult to grow in a lab.
Mycoplasma Genitalium Status: Common worldwide
How to catch Mycoplasma Genitalium
Unprotected/Condomless:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
It can be passed on even if an infected person has no symptoms.
⚠️ Please note:
Researchers are still studying if it can spread through oral sex.
Mycoplasma Genitalium Prevention
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Mycoplasma Genitalium Symptoms
Many people with Mgen have no symptoms.
If symptoms occur, they can be similar to chlamydia or gonorrhoea:
In men and Trans women
Watery or clear discharge from the penis
Burning or pain when peeing (dysuria)
Itching or irritation inside the penis
Pain while ejaculating (dysorgasmia).
In women /Trans men
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Burning or pain when peeing
Bleeding between periods or after sex
Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
Pain during sex.
Rectal infection:
Can cause pain, irritation, or discharge, often without symptoms.
Mycoplasma Genitalium Treatment Options
Mgen is treated with prescription antibiotics.
However, a significant concern is increasing antibiotic resistance, which can make Mgen challenging to treat, sometimes requiring multiple courses or different types of antibiotics (e.g., Doxycycline followed by Azithromycin or Moxifloxacin, depending on resistance patterns).
A test of cure is often recommended to ensure the infection has cleared.
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
If left untreated, Mgen can lead to serious health problems, including:
In men and som Trans women:
Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
Epididymitis (painful inflammation of the tubes at the back of the testicles),
Potentially contribute to male infertility
Increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV due to inflammation.
In women and some Trans men:
Cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) which can cause chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy.
It may also be associated with preterm labor and spontaneous abortion during pregnancy.
Increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV due to inflammation.
Mycoplasma Genitalium Information References
Pubic Lice
Information
What Pubic Lice is
Tiny insects (about the size of a pinhead) that live in coarse body hair, usually around the genitals.
They look like tiny crabs, but can’t jump or fly, and live by sucking your blood.
Pubic Lice Status:
Common worldwide
How to catch Pubic Lice?
Close body-to-body contact especially during:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Sharing items (less common, but possible):
Clothes
Bedding
Towels
🚫 They don’t live on animals
Pubic Lice Prevention
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Not Sharing items (less common, but possible):
Clothes
Bedding
Towels
Pubic Lice Symptoms:
No Symptoms at First
Itching (Main Symptom)
Intense itching
Especially at night when lice feed
Caused by an allergic reaction to their bites
Visible Signs
Tiny grey-brown lice crawling in pubic or coarse body hair
Tiny white/yellow eggs ("nits") stuck to hair near the skin
Dark red or brown spots in underwear
Lice poo
Blue Spots
Faint blue marks may appear where lice have fed repeatedly
Eye Irritation (if in eyelashes)
Sticky or crusty lashes
Red or irritated eyes
Pubic Lice
Treatment Options
Use special creams, lotions, or shampoos from the pharmacy, no prescription usually needed.
Apply to all hairy areas from the neck down (butnot the eyes unless advice from your doctor).
Follow the instructions carefully:
Leave the treatment on for the right amount of time
Often a second treatment is needed 7–10 days later to kill baby lice that hatch
No need to shave - treatments work without removing hair.
Don’t forget to:
Wash clothes, bedding, and towels in hot water
Tell recent sexual or close body contacts so they can check or treat too
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
While pubic lice don't usually cause serious harm, intense scratching can lead to skin sores and secondary bacterial infections. They can also cause significant discomfort and embarrassment.
Pubic Lice
Information References
Global & General Information
View About Pubic "Crab" Lice Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
View Pubic lice (crabs) - Symptoms & cause Mayo Clinic
United Kingdom Information
New Zealand Information
View STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand
View Ectoparasites New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS)
Australian Information
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Information
What is PID?
An infection and inflammation of a woman's reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is most often caused by bacteria spreading from the vagina or cervix to the upper reproductive tract.
PID Status:
Common in women/trans men with untreated STIs/STDs.
How to Catch PID
PID isn’t caught directly from a partner, but it can develop when untreated STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhoea, or Mycoplasma genitalium spread into the reproductive organs.
It can also be caused less commonly by other bacteria or procedures like IUD insertion.
🛡️PID Prevention
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
ℹ️ Information about:
PID Treatment Options
PID is treated with antibiotics, usually a combination, prescribed by a healthcare provider.
It's crucial to complete the entire course of medication, even if symptoms improve, to ensure the infection is cleared and reduce the risk of complications.
Sexual partners should also be tested and treated for any STIs to prevent re-infection.
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
Prompt treatment is essential because untreated or recurrent PID can lead to serious and irreversible long-term complications, including:
Chronic Pelvic Pain:
Persistent pain in the lower abdomen that can last for months or years.
Ectopic Pregnancy:
A life-threatening condition where a fertilised egg implants outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube, due to scarring.
Infertility:
Damage to the fallopian tubes can make it difficult or impossible to become pregnant.
Tubo-Ovarian Abscess:
A collection of pus in the fallopian tube and/or ovary, which may require surgery.
Formation of scar tissue:
Both outside and inside the fallopian tubes that can lead to tubal blockages
PID Information References
Global & General Information
View About Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) CDC
View Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Symptoms & causes Mayo Clinic
United Kingdom Information
Scabies Information
What Scabies is
A highly itchy skin condition caused by tiny mites called Sarcoptes scabiei that burrow into the top layer of the skin to live and lay their eggs.
Scabies Status:
Common worldwide, especially in crowded living conditions
How to Catch Scabies?:
Primarily spread through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity.
It can also be spread through close personal contact (e.g., living in the same household) or, less commonly, by sharing infested clothing, bedding, or towels.
Brief contact, like a handshake, is unlikely to spread scabies.
🛡️Scabies Prevention
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Not Sharing items (less common, but possible):
Clothes
Bedding
Towels
Scabies Symptoms
Intense itching:
This is the most common and prominent symptom, often worse at night.
Rash:
Tiny red bumps, often resembling pimples or blisters.
Burrow tracks:
In some cases, thin, wavy, raised lines on the skin (burrow tracks) may be visible, though these can be hard to spot.
Common areas affected:
Mites prefer warmer areas of the body, often appearing in skin folds, between fingers and toes, wrists, elbows, armpits, waistline, buttocks, and the genital area (penis, scrotum, vulva).
In infants and young children, it can appear on the scalp, face, neck, palms, and soles.
Delayed symptoms:
Symptoms can take 2-6 weeks to appear after initial infection, especially if it's a first-time infection.
If you've had scabies before, symptoms may appear within a few days.
Scabies Treatment Options
Scabies is treatable with prescription medications called scabicides, which kill the mites and their eggs.
These are usually applied as a cream or lotion to the entire body from the neck down and left on for a specific period before washing off.
Oral medication may be prescribed for severe cases or those who can't use topical treatments.
Everyone must be treated at the same time -
Includes the infected person and all close contacts like sexual partners or household members, to prevent re-infestation.
Wash all clothing, bedding, and towels used in the last 72 hours. Use hot water and a hot dryer, or seal them in a plastic bag for several days, or have them dry-cleaned.
❌ What not to do:
Do not use insecticide sprays and fumigants to treat scabies or crusted scabies.
Do not use over-the-counter (non-prescription) products to treat scabies. These products have not been tested and approved to treat scabies.
Do not have sex or close physical contact until you have completed the full course of treatment
Do not share bedding, clothing or towels with someone with scabies
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
Persistent itching and discomfort:
The itching can become unbearable and significantly affect quality of life and sleep.
Secondary bacterial infection:
Constant scratching can break the skin, leading to bacterial infections (like impetigo), which may require antibiotic treatment.
Crusted (Norwegian) Scabies:
A severe and rare form of scabies that occurs in people with weakened immune systems, where thousands to millions of mites are present, leading to widespread, thick crusts on the skin. This form is highly contagious.
Scabies Information References
Global & General Information
View Scabies - Symptoms & causes Mayo Clinic
United Kingdom Information
New Zealand Information
Syphilis Information
What Syphilis is
Syphilis is a bacterial infection that progresses in stages and can cause serious health problems if left untreated, but is curable with antibiotics.
Syphilis Status:
Common worldwide
How to Catch Syphilis?:
Primarily spread through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity.
It can also be spread through close personal contact (e.g., living in the same household) or, less commonly, by sharing infested clothing, bedding, or towels.
Brief contact, like a handshake, is unlikely to spread scabies.
🛡️Syphilis Prevention
Doxy-PEP
Doxy-PEP is an antibiotic taken within 72 hours after sex to help prevent some STIs like chlamydia and syphilis, especially for those at higher risk.
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Syphilis: Stages & Symptoms
1️⃣ Primary Syphilis (3–90 days after contact)
Painless sore (chancre) Firm, round, usually on the:
Genitals
Anus
Lips
Mouth
Swollen glands
⚠️ Heals in 3–6 weeks - but you're still infected and contagious
2️⃣ Secondary Syphilis (1–6 months after sore appears)
Skin rash — often on palms and soles, not itchy
Wart-like sores in moist areas (groin, underarms)
White patches in the mouth
Flu-like symptoms:
Fatigue, Fever, Sore throat, Headache, Muscle aches
Weight loss, Patchy hair loss
⚠️ Symptoms may clear on their own, but the infection stays - you're still contagious
3️⃣ Latent Syphilis (“Hidden” stage - no symptoms)
No visible signs, but syphilis is still in your body
Early latent (<12 months) - still sexually contagious
Late latent (>12 months) - usually not sexually contagious,
Can pass to a baby during pregnancy
4️⃣ Tertiary Syphilis (Years later, if untreated)
⚠️ Can damage major organs:
Brain, Heart, Eyes, Bones, Lungs
Serious complications include:
Stroke, Dementia, Paralysis
Blindness, Deafness, Heart disease
Large sores on the skin (gummas)
💀 In rare cases, it can cause death
🧠 Neurosyphilis / Ocular Syphilis (can happen at any stage)
Affects the brain or nervous system
Can affect the eyes
Symptoms may include:
Headaches, Vision changes, Hearing loss, Personality or memory changes
Syphilis
Treatment Options
Within 3 days/72 hours of risk
DoxyPEP Medication
DoxyPEP is an antibiotic taken within 72 hours after sex to help prevent some STIs like chlamydia and syphilis, especially for those at higher risk.
After 3 days/72 hours
Syphilis is curable with antibiotics, most commonly penicillin injections.
Early syphilis (primary, secondary, early latent) usually requires one injection.
Later stages or neurosyphilis/ocular syphilis require multiple doses over several weeks.
It’s crucial to complete the full course of treatment to be fully cured.
Avoid sexual activity until all sores have healed and your doctor says it’s safe.
Follow-up blood tests are often needed to make sure the treatment worked.
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
Untreated syphilis can lead to serious, irreversible organ damage, including:
Neurological problems
Blindness
Deafness
Heart disease
In some cases, it can be fatal
During pregnancy, untreated syphilis can cause:
Miscarriage or stillbirth
Premature birth
Congenital syphilis in the baby, which can lead to lifelong disabilities or death
Syphilis
Information References
Global & General Information
View Syphilis World Health Organization
View Syphilis - STI Treatment Guidelines Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
View Syphilis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments. Yale Medicine.
View Syphilis: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention. Cleveland Clinic
View Complications of Syphilis Everyday Health
View Neurosyphilis National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
United Kingdom Information
View Syphilis: Surveillance, Data and Management UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
View Syphilis NHS inform (Scotland)
New Zealand Information
View What is Syphilis? - HE2576. HealthEd (Ministry of Health)
View New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS) STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Syphilis Management
View Syphilis Burnett Foundation Aotearoa
Australian Information
View Syphilis Australian Centre for Disease Control
View Syphilis STI Guidelines Australia
Trichomoniasis (Trich) Information
What Trichomoniasis is
Trichomoniasis is a common STI caused by a tiny parasite that can infect the vagina, bladder, or urethra (the tube you pee through).
Trichomoniasis Status:
Common worldwide
How to Catch Trichomoniasis?:
Penis-to-vagina sex
Vagina-to-vagina contact
Less commonly through oral or anal sex
The parasite doesn’t survive long outside the body, so it’s rarely spread by toilets, towels, or surfaces
🛡️Trichomoniasis Prevention
Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
Trichomoniasis Symptoms
Many people with Trichomoniasis, both men and women, have no symptoms at all (asymptomatic).
If symptoms do occur, they can be mild or severe and may appear anywhere from 5 to 28 days after infection, or much later.
For people with penises
Often no symptoms:
Itching or irritation inside the penis
Discharge from the penis
Burning after peeing or ejaculating
For people with vaginas
More likely to have symptoms:
Vaginal discharge – frothy, yellow-green or grey, with a strong “fishy” smell
Itching, burning, or soreness around the genitals
Redness or swelling of the vulva
Pain when peeing
Pain or discomfort during sex
Lower abdominal pain (less common)
Trichomoniasis Treatment Options
Usually cured with a single dose of antibiotics (like metronidazole or tinidazole). NHS says
All sexual partners should be treated at the same time, even if they have no symptoms
Avoid sex until everyone is treated and symptoms are gone
⚠️ Untreated Effects
Higher STI risk
Can make it easier to get or pass on HIV due to genital inflammation
Pregnancy issues
May lead to early birth or low birth weight
Ongoing discomfort
Itching, discharge, and irritation can affect quality of life
ℹ️ Information
Trichomoniasis
Information References
Global & General Information
View Trichomoniasis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
View Trichomoniasis World Health Organization
View Trichomoniasis. National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus
View Trichomoniasis - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic
United Kingdom Information
View Trichomoniasis Sexual Health South West London
New Zealand Specific Resources:
View Trichomoniasis Healthify (NZ)
View STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Trichomoniasis
New Zealand Information
View Communicable Disease Control Manual - Trichomoniasis. Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
Australian Information
Vaginal & Genital Imbalances Information
What Vaginal and Genital Imbalance is
Common infections or imbalances that affect the vagina in women and can affect the genital area in men.
These are not always STIs in the traditional sense, but can be influenced by sexual activity and transmitted between partners.
Vaginal and Genital Imbalance Status:
Very common worldwide, especially among people with vulvas, not always sexually transmitted but often linked to sexual activity and hygiene factors.
What is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
An imbalance of the natural bacteria in the vagina, where certain bacteria overgrow. It is common and not strictly an STI, but it is often associated with sexual activity, particularly with new or multiple partners.
How to Catch BV?
Primarily linked to sexual activity in women. Men can carry the bacteria in their urethra and potentially re-infect female partners, though they don't get "BV" themselves.
What is Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
An infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungus, which naturally lives in the body.
It is not generally considered an STI but can be transmitted sexually and often triggered by sexual activity.
How to Catch Yeast Infection
Can be caught sexually. Men can get yeast infections on the penis from sexual contact with an infected partner.
ℹ️ Information about:
Vaginal & Genital Imbalances Symptoms
Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
Symptoms in Women some Trans Men
Intense vaginal itching and soreness
Redness and swelling of the vulva
Thick, white, "cottage cheese-like" vaginal discharge
Burning during urination or sex.
Pain or discomfort during sex
Symptoms in Men someTrans Men
Redness, soreness, or swelling of the penis
White, shiny patches at the top of the penis
Small red spots at the top of the penis
Cracked foreskin
Thick, white discharge under the foreskin or other folds of skin
Difficulty pulling back the foreskin
Itchiness
Burning sensation during urination
Pain or discomfort during sex.
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Symptoms in Women Some Trans Men
Strong, "fishy" smelling vaginal odour (especially after sex),
Thin white or grey vaginal discharge
itching or burning during urination.
Symptoms in Males
Men usually have no symptoms but can be carriers.
Occasionally, it might contribute to urethritis (inflammation of the urethra).
Vaginal & Genital Imbalances
Treatment Options
Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
Yeast Infection Treatment
Treated with over-the-counter or prescription anti-fungal creams, ointments, or oral medications.
There are things you can do to ease thrush and stop it coming back:
❌ Do not use soaps or shower gels
❌ Do not use douches or deodorants on your vagina or penis
❌ Do not wear tight underwear or tights
✅ Use water and an emollient (like E45 cream) instead of soap to wash the affected area
✅ Dry properly after washing
✅ Wear cotton underwear
✅ Avoid sex until thrush has cleared up if sex is uncomfortable
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
Persistent discomfort and potential for secondary bacterial infections from scratching.
Not usually serious, but can be bothersome and recurrent.
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
BV Treatment:
Treated with prescription antibiotics (oral or vaginal gel/cream). Recurrence is common.
⚠️ Untreated Effects Females:
Increases risk of acquiring other STIs (including HIV), developing PID, and complications during pregnancy (e.g., premature birth).
⚠️ Untreated Effects in Males:
No direct complications for men, but can contribute to partner's recurrent BV and potentially urethritis.
Vaginal & Genital Imbalances
Information References
Global & General Information
View Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment Cleveland Clinic
View Male Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes,Treatment Healthline
View Vaginal Candidiasis - 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines CDC
United Kingdom Information
Zika Virus Information
What Zika Virus is
A virus primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, but it can also be transmitted sexually. Infection can cause mild symptoms, but it poses significant risks during pregnancy.
Zika Virus Status:
Rare globally, but still found in parts of Central/South America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands.
How to Catch Zika Virus
Mosquito Bites:
The usual way Zika is caught is through the bite of infected Aedes species mosquitoes (e.g., Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus).
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral Sex
Zika can be passed through sex, even if the person has no symptoms.
It can spread from men to their partners through semen, and from women through vaginal fluids - though it’s more common from men to women. Zika can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
Mother to Child:
A pregnant woman infected with Zika can pass the virus to her fetus, which can lead to severe birth defects.
Blood Transfusion:
Less commonly, through blood transfusions.
Zika Virus Prevention
Avoiding mosquitoes
Condom use for:
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
Rimming
Vaginal oral
ℹ️ Information about:
Zika Virus Symptoms
Often asymptomatic/ No signs
Many people infected with Zika do not develop symptoms.
If symptoms occur, they are usually mild and last several days to a week:
Fever
Rash
Joint pain
Red eyes (conjunctivitis)
Muscle pain
Headache
Zika Virus Treatment Options
There is no specific medicine to treat Zika virus itself. Treatment focuses on supportive care:
Rest
Drinking fluids to prevent dehydration
Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen for fever and pain.
Timeframes for preventing sexual transmission
Timeframes start as soon as the person returns from travel, even if they do not have symptoms, or from the start of their symptoms or the date they were diagnosed.
Males should use condoms or not have sex for at least 3 months.
Females should use condoms or not have sex for at least 2 months.
⚠️ Untreated Effects:
While adult symptoms are usually mild, Zika can cause serious complications:
Congenital Zika Syndrome:
If a pregnant person gets Zika, it can cause serious birth defects in the baby.
This includes microcephaly (a smaller head and brain), brain and eye problems, hearing loss, and slow growth.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS):
A rare but serious neurological disorder where the immune system attacks the nerves, potentially leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.
Zika Virus
Information References
Global & General Information
View Zika Virus Cleveland Clinic
View Zika Virus World Health Organization (WHO)
United Kingdom Information
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