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STDs/STIs & Viruses Information
โ ๏ธ Please note:
Our intent is to provide information about STDs/STIs & viruses. This is not advice, always consult with a qualified physician for diagnosis and for answers to your tailored to your body.
An overview of illnesses you can catch during sexual intercourse including STIs/STDs and viruses.
Definitions:
STI: Sexually Transmitted Infection
STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease
Virus: A tiny germ that can spread through sex and get inside the body, where it makes copies of itself and can cause illness, e.g. HPV & HIV.
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View All STIs/STDs Information
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Chlamydia Information
STDs/STIs, Viruses & Illnesses Information
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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), sometimes called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), are infections passed from one person to another through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, or oral sex) or skin-to-skin genital contact. Many STIs have no symptoms, which is why regular testing is so important.
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Definitions:
STI: Sexually Transmitted Infection
STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease
Virus: A microscopic infectious agent that invades and replicates within the body's cells, often spreading through sexual contact and potentially causing long-term health complications.
๐ STI/STD & HIV
Information Menu
๐ข Chlamydia
๐ฅ Chlamydia LGV
(Lymphogranuloma Venereum)
(Granuloma Inguinale)
๐ Hepatitis A, B, C,D ,E & G
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
๐งฌ ๐งฌ Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
๐ Mononucleosis
(โMonoโ or โKissing Diseaseโ)
๐ป Nongonococcal Urethritis
(NGU) - Needs to Be Completed
๐ฉ Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
๐ข Chlamydia
โก๏ธ What is it?
A very common bacterial STI.
๐ Status: Very common worldwide - especially among people under 30.
๐ How is it caught?
Usually through:
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐น๏ธ Sex involving toys
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms
๐คซ Often asymptomatic: Many people have no symptoms at all.
๐จ In men/Some Trans women:
๐ Discharge from the penis (often watery or milky)
๐ Pain or burning when peeing, pain or tenderness in the testicles,
๐ Pain in the rectum (if anal infection).
๐คฐIn women/Trans Men:
๐ Unusual vaginal discharge
๐ Pain when peeing
๐ Bleeding between periods or after sex
๐ Lower abdominal pain.
๐ฃ๏ธ/๐ In throat/rectum:
Usually no symptoms, but can include pain or discharge.
๐ Treatment Options
The most common antibiotics used to treat chlamydia infections are:
Doxycycline. Usually taken over seven days, is preferred.
How long should I wait to have sex if I am getting treatment for chlamydia?
Donโt have sex with anyone (intercourse, anal or oral) for at least seven days from when you began treatment.
This gives the medication time to work so you donโt infect your sexual partners. Once treatment is over, you should still practice safe sex and get tested for STIs as a part of your regular health maintenance.
โ ๏ธ Untreated can cause
๐ Epididymitis:
Infection can spread to the testicles and the tube that carries sperm to your testicles (epididymis), causing symptoms like pain, swelling and tenderness in your testicles.
๐ Reduced fertility:
Chlamydia can harm your sperm, negatively impacting your ability to conceive.
Untreated chlamydia can spread to your bloodstream, which:
๐ Increases your risk of getting reactive arthritis, which causes your joints to swell and feel painful.
๐Increases your chances of contracting HIV.
In women, it can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), chronic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. It can also increase the risk of getting or transmitting HIV.
โก๏ธ What is it?
A more aggressive type of Chlamydia infection, caused by specific strains of the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria.
It's less common than typical chlamydia but can cause more serious, invasive symptoms. It's more prevalent in specific sexual networks, especially among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM).
๐ Status:
Rare in most places but increasing among men who have sex with men in parts of Europe, North America, and Australia.
๐ How is it Caught?
Usually through:
๐ Anal sex
๐ Oral sex
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ฎ Sex involving toys
๐ก๏ธ Prevention:
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ฅ Chlamydia LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum)
๐ค Symptoms
LGV progresses in stages and often involves the lymph nodes.
๐ค First Stage:
A small, painless sore or blister (often overlooked) that appears at the site of infection (genitals, anus, mouth). This sore usually heals quickly.
๐ฆต Secondary Stage (1-4 weeks later):
๐ด Swollen, painful lymph nodes in the groin (buboes) โ may burst and leak pus
๐ If the infection is in the rectum, it may cause:
๐ฅ Severe rectal pain
๐ฆ Mucus discharge
๐ฉธ Bleeding
๐ฉ๐ซ Constipation
๐ฉ Feeling like you constantly need to poo
๐ฉป May be mistaken for inflammatory bowel disease
Other symptoms:
๐ฅถ Chills
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ฅ Body aches
๐ Late Stage (if untreated):
๐ Chronic swelling and tissue scarring
๐ Genital elephantiasis โ severe swelling of the genitals
๐ซ Strictures โ narrowing of the rectum or urethra
๐ Fistulas โ abnormal openings between organs
๐ Treatment Options
Requires a longer course of specific antibiotics (typically doxycycline for 21 days or more).
It's crucial to complete the entire course of medication.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
๐ฅ Severe, irreversible damage to genital and rectal tissues
๐ Chronic pain
๐ง Disfigurement
๐ฉธ๐ Increased risk of getting or passing on HIV
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
โก๏ธ What is it?
A bacterial STI caused by Haemophilus ducreyi that causes painful open sores, usually on the genitals. It's rare in many developed countries but can occur in outbreaks and is more common in some parts of Africa and the Caribbean.
๐ Status: Rare worldwide, but still occurs in some parts of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean
๐ How is it Caught?
Through sexual contact with someone who has open chancroid sores, or through other physical contact with a sore.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention:
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ฉน Chancroid
๐ธ View STI/STD Image Gallery
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๐ค Symptoms
๐ด Starts as small, red bumps:
These quickly turn into very painful, open sores (ulcers) on the genitals or around the anus.
๐ฆ Ulcer appearance:
The sores often have soft, ragged edges, a gray or yellowish-gray base, and bleed easily if touched.
๐ง Discharge:
The sores may leak pus or contagious fluid.
โ ๏ธ Pain:
Sores are usually very painful in men, but may be less noticeable or painful if located inside the vagina or on the cervix in women. Pain during urination or sex can occur.
๐ฆต Swollen Lymph Nodes:
In about half of cases, the lymph nodes in the groin become swollen, painful, and tender. These swollen glands (buboes) can sometimes rupture and drain pus.
๐ Treatment Options
Cured with antibiotics, usually a single dose or a course of several days (e.g., azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or erythromycin). It's important to complete the full course of medication.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
Sores can persist for weeks or months, causing significant pain and potentially leading to permanent scarring. Untreated buboes can rupture and form draining abscesses. Chancroid increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV due to the open sores
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
โก๏ธ What is it?
A very common virus belonging to the herpes family. Once infected, the virus stays in the body for life.
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ง Close contact with body fluids, including:
๐ Saliva/spit
๐ฆ Urine/pee
๐ฉธ Blood
๐ผ Breast milk
๐ Semen/cum
๐ธ Vaginal fluids
โ ๏ธ Can also spread through:
๐ถ Casual contact with infected children
๐ซ Organ transplants
๐ Blood transfusions
๐ก๏ธ Prevention:
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐๏ธ Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
๐ค Symptoms
๐คซ Often asymptomatic:
Most healthy people have no symptoms.
๐คง Mild symptoms (if any):
๐ท Often mild or flu-like, and may include:
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ด Fatigue
๐ฃ๏ธ Sore throat
๐ Swollen glands
๐ช Muscle aches
๐ด Skin rash
โ Symptoms usually go away on their own
โ ๏ธ Severe symptoms (rare, mainly in vulnerable groups):
Whoโs at Risk for Serious CMV Issues?
๐ถ Newborns (congenital CMV)
๐งฌ People with weakened immune systems, such as:
๐ฉธ People with HIV
๐ซ Organ/stem cell transplant recipients
๐ Chemotherapy patients
๐ง CMV can affect:
๐๏ธ Eyes โ vision loss
๐ซ Lungs โ pneumonia
๐ฝ๏ธ Digestive system
๐ฉป Liver
๐ง Brain โ encephalitis
๐ Treatment Options
Most healthy people do not require treatment.
Antiviral medications may be used for newborns with symptomatic congenital CMV or for individuals with weakened immune systems to manage the virus and prevent serious complications.
These medications can weaken the virus but do not cure the infection.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
๐จ In healthy people:
Rarely causes serious long-term issues
๐จ In people with weakened immune systems:
โ Can lead to severe organ damage,
๐ Chronic health problems,
๐ชฆ And may be life-threatening if untreated
๐ถ Congenital CMV (passed to baby during pregnancy):
๐ Hearing loss
๐ง Developmental delays
๐๏ธ Vision problems
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Pregnancy
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Specific Resources:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and pregnancy fact sheet
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in pregnancy.
Pregnancy, Birth and Baby (Australian Government)
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (PDF)
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
๐ฅฉ Donovanosis
โก๏ธ What is it?
Donovanosis is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection that causes painless, beefy-red ulcers on the genitals which slowly grow and destroy the surrounding skin.
A chronic bacterial STI caused by Klebsiella granulomatis.
๐ Status:
Very rare in places like the USA, UK, Europe, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand, with most cases linked to travel
More common in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Papua New Guinea, India, Southern Africa, Northern Australia, Brazil, and the Caribbean
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฅ Likely spread through direct contact with sores
๐
โโ๏ธ Non-sexual transmission is rare
๐ก๏ธ Prevention:
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms
Symptoms and signs usually appear 1-12 weeks after infection, but can take up to a year.
๐ซ Painless bumps/sores:
Starts as one or more small, painless red bumps (papules or nodules) on or near the genitals or anus.
๐ฅฉ Beefy-red ulcers:
These bumps slowly enlarge and break down into characteristic "beefy-red," raised, velvety ulcers that bleed easily when touched. The edges of the ulcers may be irregular or "snake-like."
๐ Foul smell:
Sores may develop an offensive smell if a secondary bacterial infection occurs.
๐ Spreading lesions:
Without treatment, the sores progressively grow and destroy surrounding genital tissue. They can also appear in the mouth or throat if oral sex was involved.
๐ Treatment Options
Curable with a prolonged course of antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin, doxycycline).
Treatment typically lasts at least 3 weeks or until all sores have completely healed.
Follow-up is crucial as recurrence can happen.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
๐ Ulcers can persist and grow
๐ฉน Can cause scarring and disfigurement
๐ข Blocked lymph vessels may lead to painful swelling
๐ช Narrowing of the vagina, anus, or urethra
๐ฆด Rarely, infection can spread to bones or organs
๐งฌ Increases risk of HIV transmission
โ ๏ธ Long-lasting ulcers may rarely become cancerous
๐ Information References
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๐ General & Global Information
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Donovanosis (Granuloma Inguinale, Granuloma Venereum PDF)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Rare โflesh eatingโ STI becoming more common in the UK, says doctor.
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care.
Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) - including symptoms, treatment and prevention
๐ฅฆ Genital Herpes
(HSV-1, HSV-2)
โก๏ธ What is it?
A common viral infection that causes sores, usually around the genitals or mouth. It is not curable, but manageable.
๐ Status: Very common worldwide
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ฅ A herpes sore (even if it's healing)
๐ Saliva from someone with oral herpes
๐ Genital fluids from someone with genital herpes
๐ค Skin-to-skin contact โ around the mouth if they have oral herpes, or the genitals if they have genital herpes
๐ก๏ธ Prevention:
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms
Often mild or absent: Many people don't know they have it.
๐ค First outbreak
Can be more severe with flu-like symptoms:
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ช Body aches
๐ฆต Swollen glands
๐ซง Outbreaks
Clusters of small, painful blisters that break open to form sores in:
โ๏ธ Genitals (penis, vulva, vagina)
๐ฅ Balls (testicles)
๐ Anus (butthole)
๐ Mouth (lips, inside of the mouth)
๐๏ธ Eye (rare but possible)
๐ Recurrent outbreaks:
Usually less severe and shorter in duration.
๐ Treatment Options
Currently there is no cure, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks, and lower the risk of transmission to partners.
How to Deal with Outbreaks Yourself
Do:
โ Keep the area clean using plain or salt water to prevent blisters becoming infected
apply an ice pack wrapped in a flannel to soothe pain
โ Apply petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) or painkilling cream (such as 5% lidocaine) to reduce pain when you pee
โ Wash your hands before and after applying cream or jelly
โ Pee while pouring water over your genitals to ease the pain
Do Not:
โ Do not wear tight clothing that may irritate blisters or sores
โ Do not put ice directly on the skin
โ Do not touch your blisters or sores unless you're applying cream
โ Do not have vaginal, anal or oral sex until the sores have gone away
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
While not life-threatening, untreated herpes can lead to more frequent and severe outbreaks, significant discomfort, and in rare cases, complications in people with weakened immune systems. It also increases the risk of HIV transmission.
Currently there is no cure, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks, and lower the risk of transmission to partners.
How to Deal with Outbreaks Yourself
Do:
โ Keep the area clean using plain or salt water to prevent blisters becoming infected
apply an ice pack wrapped in a flannel to soothe pain
โ Apply petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) or painkilling cream (such as 5% lidocaine) to reduce pain when you pee
โ Wash your hands before and after applying cream or jelly
โ Pee while pouring water over your genitals to ease the pain
Do Not:
โ Do not wear tight clothing that may irritate blisters or sores
โ Do not put ice directly on the skin
โ Do not touch your blisters or sores unless you're applying cream
โ Do not have vaginal, anal or oral sex until the sores have gone away
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
While not life-threatening, untreated herpes can lead to more frequent and severe outbreaks, significant discomfort, and in rare cases, complications in people with weakened immune systems. It also increases the risk of HIV transmission.
๐ค Managing Herpes
๐ค Practical Sex & Living with Herpes:
๐ฃ๏ธ Communicate with Partners/Sex worker/Client:
It's essential and respectful to discuss your herpes status with any potential sexual partners before engaging in sexual activity. This allows them to make informed decisions.
๐ซ Avoid Sex During Outbreaks
The risk of transmitting herpes is highest when you have visible sores, blisters, or feel tingling/itching (prodromal symptoms) that indicate an outbreak is starting.
It's best to avoid all sexual contact (vaginal, anal, oral) from the first sign of an outbreak until all sores have completely healed and new skin has formed.
๐ฏ Use Condoms Consistently
Even when you don't have an outbreak, condoms can help reduce the risk of transmission, although they don't cover all affected skin. Use them correctly and consistently for every sexual act.
๐ Antiviral Medication
Taking daily antiviral medication (suppressive therapy) can significantly reduce the frequency of outbreaks and lower the risk of transmitting the virus to partners by 70-90%. Discuss this option with your doctor.
๐งผ Wash Hands
Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after touching any sores to prevent spreading the virus to other parts of your body or to others.
๐จ Be Aware of Prodromal Symptoms
Learn to recognise the early signs of an impending outbreak (like tingling, itching, or pain) so you can avoid sex and prevent transmission.
๐ค Remember: While herpes can be managed, it requires ongoing awareness and communication. Many people with herpes have fulfilling sex lives by taking precautions and being open with their partners.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information
Herpes - STI Treatment Guidelines
Genital herpes - Symptoms and causes
World Health Organization (WHO)
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Genital herpes โ the basics PDF
BASHH (British Association for Sexual Health and HIV)
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS)
What is Genital Herpes? - HE1443
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
๐ฏ๏ธ Oral Herpes
(Cold Sores)
โก๏ธ What is it?
A common viral infection caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), most often HSV-1.
It typically causes sores around the mouth, commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters, but can also cause genital herpes through oral-genital contact
๐ Status: Very common worldwide
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ Direct Contact:
๐ Mostly through kissing or close contact with someone who has it
๐ฅค Can also spread by sharing cups, utensils, lip balm, or toothbrushes
๐ถ Many people catch it as children, through non-sexual contact
๐ Sexual Transmission:
It can spread during oral sex/blowjobs etc
If someone with oral herpes gives oral sex, they can pass the virus to their partnerโs genitals.
Also, if someone with genital herpes gives oral sex, they can pass it to their partnerโs mouth.
๐คซ No Symptoms?
The virus can spread even when there are no sores or symptoms, but itโs most contagious when sores are visible.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention:
๐ Checking for signs for before activity
๐ Condom use for oral sex/blow jobs etc
Using Listerineยฎ Cool Mint mouthwash can temporarily reduce HSVโ1 (oral herpes) virus levels in your saliva.
In a small clinical study, people rinsed for 30 seconds and had no detectable virus right afterward, with effects lasting for at least 30 minutes
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often mild or absent/no signs:
Many people don't know they have it.
If symptoms occur, they usually involve outbreaks around the mouth or lips:
Clusters of small, painful blisters that break opeIf symptoms occur, they usually involve outbreaks around the mouth or lips:
๐ Tingling, itching, or burning sensation before sores appear.
๐ซง Small, painful, fluid-filled blisters that form in clusters, most commonly on the lips or around the mouth.
๐ฉน Blisters burst and crust over, forming scabs before healing (typically within 7-10 days).
๐ค First outbreak
Can be more severe with flu-like symptoms:
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ช Body aches
๐ฆต Swollen glands
๐ Recurrent outbreaks:
Usually less severe and shorter in duration.
๐ Treatment Options
Currently no cure, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks, and lower the risk of transmission to partners.
๐ค Oral Herpes Management
Common triggers that can wake the virus:
๐ Stress
๐ค Being sick (cold, flu)
๐ด Feeling tired
โ๏ธ Hormone changes (like during periods)
โ๏ธ Sunlight or UV exposure (especially for cold sores)
๐ฅ Friction or skin irritation (tight clothes, rough sex)
๐ Weakened immune system
๐ช Surgery near the area
๐ซ Certain foods (like nuts or chocolate), though this isnโt certain
๐กHow to manage and reduce outbreaks
๐ Antiviral meds
Take right when you feel warning signs to make outbreaks shorter and milder
Daily meds can reduce outbreaks by 70โ80% and lower chances of passing herpes to partners
๐ Avoid triggers if you know what causes your outbreaks
๐งผ Take care
Keep the area clean, wear loose clothes, use cool compresses, and take pain relief if needed
๐ซ Avoid sex during outbreaks
Herpes spreads easiest when sores or warning signs are present
๐ฏ Use condoms consistently
Even when no symptoms are there, condoms reduce the risk but donโt cover all areas
๐คซ Remember:
Herpes can still spread even without sores, so talk openly with partners and take precautions
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Types Symptoms, & Treatment
Oral Herpes: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Cleveland Clinic
World Health Organization (WHO)
Understanding Oral HerpesโAnswers to Your Questions
ASHAAmerican Sexual Health Association
STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
๐งGonorrhoea
โก๏ธ What is it?
Gonorrhoea is a common bacterial STI that can infect the genitals, throat, or rectum.
๐ Status: Very common worldwide
๐ How is it Caught?
Unprotected/condomless:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
๐ก๏ธ Prevention:
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often no symptoms or signs
Many people donโt know they have it.
๐จ In men/trans women:
๐ง White, yellow, or green discharge from the penis,
๐ฅ Pain or burning when peeing,
๐ Painful or swollen testicle/balls..
๐ฉ In women/trans men
๐ง Vaginal discharge (watery, creamy, or slightly green)
๐ฅ Pain or burning when peeing, bleeding between periods, and lower belly pain.
๐ฃ๏ธ In throat or rectum/bum:
Usually no symptoms, but can cause:
๐ค Sore throat
๐งDischarge
๐ Itching
๐ฉธBleeding
๐ Treatment Options
Gonorrhoea can be cured usually one injection plus antibiotics.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
Similar to chlamydia, untreated gonorrhoea can lead to serious health issues like PID in women, epididymitis in men, infertility, and in rare cases, can spread to the blood or joints, becoming life-threatening. It also increases HIV risk.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information
Gonorrhea - Symptoms and causes
Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea
World Health Organization (WHO)
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
British Association for Sexual Health and HIV
National Guideline for the Management of Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae PDF
The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH)
Gonorrhoea: guidance, data and analysis.
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Gonorrhoea.
New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS)
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
๐ฆพ Super Gonorrhoea
(Drug Resistant)
โก๏ธ What is it?
A drug-resistant form of gonorrhoea caused by strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that no longer respond to most antibiotics. In some cases, it may be very hard or currently impossible to treat. It's a serious global health concern.
๐ Status:
Rare, but increasing worldwide, especially in places with high gonorrhoea rates and antibiotic misuse.
Notable cases have been reported in:
๐ฌ๐ง the UK, ๐ฆ๐บ Australia, ๐ฏ๐ต Japan, ๐น๐ญ Thailand, and ๐บ๐ธ the USA.
Health experts warn it could become more common without better prevention and treatment.
๐ How is it Caught?
๐๐ Through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
๐ From a partner who wasnโt fully cured or didnโt get re-tested
๐ Can infect the throat through oral sex
๐งช Even if you have no symptoms, you can still pass it on
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
Since treatment is getting harder, prevention is critical:
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ Treatment Options
Doctors may need to use stronger or combined antibiotics based on local resistance patterns. There are very few options left, and new drugs are still in development.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
Super Gonorrhoea can cause serious complications:
Infertility
PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
DGI (Disseminated Gonococcal Infection)
These are harder to manage and potentially life-threatening if the infection resists treatment.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information:
Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea
World Health Organization (WHO)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhoea: Rising threat to treatment efficacy
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Antibiotic-resistant gonorrhoea cases rising in England
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
New reports of extremely-drug-resistant gonorrhoea pose significant risks for sexual health
๐ Hepatitis A
โก๏ธ What is it?
A viral infection of the liver that is usually acute (short-term) and does not lead to chronic disease.
๐ Status: Common in areas with poor sanitation
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ฉ Poo/fecal contaminated:
๐ฝ๏ธ Food
๐งDrinking
๐ค Close contact with someone who has the virus
๐ Prevention
A safe and effective vaccine is available for Hepatitis A in some countries.
Practicing good hand hygiene (especially after using the bathroom and before preparing food) and ensuring safe food and water practices are also crucial.
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often no symptoms or signs:
Many people (especially children), may have no symptoms.
๐คข When symptoms occur:
Sudden onset of:
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ด Fatigue
๐ฝ๏ธ๐ซ Loss of appetite
๐คข Nausea
๐คฎ Vomiting
๐ Stomach pain,
๐ฆ Dark urine
๐ฉ Clay-colored bowel movements/poo
๐ฆด Joint pain
๐๏ธ Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Symptoms usually last less than 2 months.
๐ Treatment Options
There is no specific treatment for Hepatitis A. Care focuses on supportive measures to relieve symptoms. Most people recover fully without long-term liver damage.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
Hepatitis A rarely causes severe illness, but in rare cases, particularly in older adults or those with underlying liver disease, it can lead to acute liver failure, which can be fatal.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information
World Health Organization (WHO)
Clinical Overview of Hepatitis A
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Hepatitis A: guidance, data and analysis.
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
Immunisation Advisory Centre (IMAC)
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
Hepatitis A - CDNA National Guidelines for Public Health Units.
Communicable Diseases Network Australia
๐ Asia Specific Information
World Health Organization (WHO)
South-East Asia Hepatitis A / Viral Hepatitis
World Health Organization (WHO)
๐ฉธHepatitis B
โก๏ธ What is it?
A viral infection of the liver that is usually acute (short-term) and does not lead to chronic disease.
๐ Status: Very common worldwide especially in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific.
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ Unprotected sex (contact with semen or vaginal fluids)
๐ Sharing needles or injecting equipment
๐ถ From parent to baby during birth
๐ฉธ Contact with infected blood or other body fluids
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ Vaccine
A safe and highly effective vaccine is available for Hepatitis B. Practicing safe sex and not sharing needles also help prevent transmission.
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often no symptoms:
Many people may have no symptoms.
๐คข When symptoms occur
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ด Fatigue
๐ฝ๏ธ๐ซ Loss of appetite
๐คข Nausea
๐คฎ Vomiting
๐ Stomach pain,
๐ฆ Dark urine
๐ฆด Joint pain
๐๏ธ Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Symptoms can last for several weeks
๐ Treatment Options
Currently no specific treatment for acute Hepatitis B; care focuses on comfort.
Chronic Hepatitis B can be managed with antiviral medications, often lifelong, to control the virus and reduce liver damage.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
Chronic Hepatitis B can lead to serious liver problems, including cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, and liver cancer, which can be fatal.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information:
World Health Organization (WHO)
Hepatitis B: What It Is, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Hepatitis B - Symptoms & causes
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Hepatitis B: guidance, data and analysis.
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
Hepatitis B: A guide to your care in pregnancy and after your baby is born. PDF
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Hepatitis A, B and C.
New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS)
The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
Australian Immunisation Handbook
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)
๐ South America Information
Pan American Health Organization
Brazil Ministry of Health (Ministรฉrio da Saรบde).
Argentina Ministry of Health | Ministerio de Salud
๐ Asia Specific Information
World Health Organization (WHO)
Ministry of Health (MOH) Singapore
National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore.
Communicable Diseases Surveillance in Singapore - Hepatitis B. PDF
Hepatitis B epidemiology and prevention
China CDC (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
๐ฆ Hepatitis C
โก๏ธ What is it?
A viral infection that attacks the liver. Often becomes a chronic infection.
๐ Status:
๐ด Higher rates
๐ช๐ฌ Egypt, ๐ต๐ฐ Pakistan, ๐ท๐บ Russia
๐ Parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and some African countries.
๐ Moderate rates
๐บ๐ธ USA, ๐ฎ๐น Italy, ๐ง๐ท Brazil, ๐น๐ท Turkey, ๐จ๐ณ China
๐ข Lower rates
๐ฌ๐ง UK, ๐จ๐ฆ Canada, ๐ฆ๐บ Australia,
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand, ๐ช๐บ Most of Western Europe
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ Mostly through sharing needles or injecting equipment
๐ Can spread through sex โ more likely with rough sex, lots of partners, or if other STIs are present
๐ถ Can pass from parent to baby during birth
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often no symptoms for many years, even with chronic infection.
๐ก๏ธ When symptoms occur (for acute infection):
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ด Fatigue (feeling very tired)
๐ฝ Dark urine
๐ฉ Clay-coloured poo
๐ Stomach pain
๐คข Nausea
๐คฎ Vomiting
๐ฆด๐ฅ Joint pain
๐ Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information
World Health Organization (WHO)
Hepatitis C Information Symptoms, Prevention, Treatment & Testing
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Hepatitis C - Symptoms & causes
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Hepatitis C: guidance, data and analysis.
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand.
STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Hepatitis A, B and C.
New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS)
Hepatitis A, B, and C | Symptoms & treatment options
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
๐ South America Information
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
Argentina Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud)
๐ Asia Specific Information
Communicable Diseases Agency Singapore
Hepatitis C epidemiology and control.
China CDC (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
๐งซ Hepatitis D
(HDV)
โก๏ธ What is it?
Hepatitis D is a special kind of virus that canโt spread or grow on its own โ it needs Hepatitis B to survive. So, you can only get Hepatitis D if you already have Hepatitis B.
๐ Status:
Rare worldwide, but more common in some regions like parts of:
Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Middle East
Africa
Especially among people with chronic Hepatitis B or those who inject drugs.
๐ How is it Caught?
Hepatitis D spreads in similar ways to Hepatitis B- mainly through:
๐ฉธBlood contact e.g.
๐ Sharing needles or other injecting gear
๐คฐ๐ถ from parent to baby during birth .
It can also be passed through sex without a condom:
๐ Anal
๐ Vaginal
but this is less common than with Hepatitis B.
Theoretically possible through oral sex, it is considered very low risk for Hepatitis D transmission.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ Vaccination
Vaccination against Hepatitis B effectively prevents Hepatitis D infection in those not already infected with HBV.
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
โน๏ธ Information about
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
โณ It takes 2โ8 weeks to develop symptoms after exposure symptoms include:
๐ฆ Dark urine
๐ฉ Pale poo (stools)
๐๏ธ Jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes)
๐ฝ๏ธ๐ซ Loss of appetite
๐ Abdominal pain and tenderness
๐คข Nausea and vomiting
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ Treatment Options
๐งช Pegylated interferon is the main medication used. It works by helping the immune system fight the virus. Treatment usually lasts at least 48 weeks, but only some people respond well.
๐ฉบ Newer treatments (like bulevirtide) are being developed and used in some countries, but access may be limited.
๐งฌ If you have both Hepatitis B and D, your doctor will focus on treating both infections and monitoring your liver health closely.
๐ A healthy lifestyle - avoiding alcohol and managing other health conditions is also important to protect your liver.
๐ฅ In severe cases, especially with advanced liver damage, liver transplant may be needed.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
๐ง Liver inflammation that gets worse over time
๐ฉน Cirrhosis:
Scarring of the liver, which can stop it from working properly
๐ฉธ Liver failure
๐ฏ Liver cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma): A higher risk than with Hepatitis B alone
๐ Shortened life expectancy if the liver becomes too damaged
๐ฅ May lead to needing a liver transplant in advanced cases
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information
World Health Organization (WHO)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Specific Information
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
๐ South America Information
Brazil Ministry of Health (Ministรฉrio da Saรบde)
๐ Asia Specific Information
Abbas Z, Jafri W, Raza S. Hepatitis D: Scenario in the Asia-Pacific region.
World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Feb 7;16(5):554-62. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i5.554. PMID: 20128022; PMCID: PMC2816266.
Hepatitis D: Looking Back, Looking Forward, Seeing the Reward and the Promise Heller, Theo et al.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Volume 21, Issue 8, 2051 - 2064
๐ฐ Hepatitis E
(HEV)
โก๏ธ What is it?
Hepatitis E is a short-term liver infection caused by a virus called HEV. Itโs found all over the world and is one of the most common causes of sudden liver inflammation.
๐ Status:
๐ High in Some Regions:
HEV is most common in parts of:
๐ Sub-Saharan Africa
๐ South & Central Asia
๐ฏ East Asia
In areas like:
๐ช๐บ Europe, ๐บ๐ธ North America, ๐ฆ๐บ Australia, and ๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand, HEV is being found more often too but in a different way:
๐ท Mostly from animals (genotypes 3 & 4)
๐ Spread by eating undercooked pork, wild boar, venison, or shellfish
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ฝ Fecal/PooโOral Route:
The virus is passed out in poop and can enter someone elseโs body through the mouth - usually via dirty water or food.
๐ง Contaminated Water
Most common in countries with poor sanitation
๐ฝ๏ธ Contaminated Food
๐ฅฉ Undercooked meat:
Especially pork, wild boar, or venison (common in developed countries โ genotypes 3 & 4)
๐ฆช Shellfish:
Can collect the virus from dirty water
๐ฅฌ Raw/unwashed produce:
Grown with dirty irrigation water
๐งโ๐คโ๐ง Person-to-Person Contact
Less common than Hep A
Can happen through close contact or poor hygiene ๐
๐คฐ๐ถ Mother-to-Baby Transmission
Can happen during pregnancy or birth
๐ฉธ Blood Transfusions
Rare, but possible, especially where blood isnโt properly screened
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ Vaccine
A vaccine for Hepatitis E (Hecolinยฎ) is licensed and available in China and a few other countries.
It has been used successfully in outbreak responses (e.g., in South Sudan) but is not globally available or part of routine immunisation schedules in most other countries.
โ Not sharing needles
Using a dam/dental dam for:
๐ Rimming/Anus oral sex
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Most people with Hepatitis E donโt feel sick or only have mild symptoms.
When symptoms do appear, they usually show up 2โ10 weeks after exposure and can last for 2โ6 weeks.
Here are the common symptoms:
๐ Jaundice โ Yellowing of the skin and eyes
๐ฆ Dark pee & ๐ฉ Pale poo
๐ด Extreme tiredness and weakness
๐คข Nausea, ๐คฎ vomiting, and ๐ stomach pain
๐ฝ๏ธ๐ซ Loss of appetite
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ซ Swollen liver (hepatomegaly)
๐ Treatment Options
๐ข Acute Hepatitis E (Most People):
For most healthy people, no special treatment is needed.
Hepatitis E usually clears up on its own in a few weeks or months.
Supportive care includes:
๐ Rest, ๐ง Hydration, ๐ฅ Nutrition,
๐ท๐ซ Avoid alcohol and unnecessary meds โ These can make liver damage worse
๐ฅ Hospital care may be needed in severe cases, especially if liver failure develops.
๐ด Chronic Hepatitis E (in people with weak immune systems):
In people with weakened immunity (like organ transplant recipients or those with HIV), Hepatitis E can become chronic and cause serious liver damage.
Treatment may include:
๐งช Reducing immune-suppressing meds โ If possible, this helps the body fight the virus
๐ Ribavirin โ The main antiviral medicine, taken as pills for 3โ6 months
๐ Pegylated Interferon (PEG-IFNฮฑ) โ Used in rare cases if Ribavirin isnโt suitable, but it can have strong side effects and isnโt safe for everyone
๐จ Special Cases:
๐ฉโ๐ผ Pregnant people โ Ribavirin is not safe during pregnancy. Care focuses on monitoring and supportive treatment.
๐ซ People with existing liver disease โ They need extra monitoring, as HEV can cause serious complications.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
โ For most healthy people, Hepatitis E is mild and clears up on its own.
The body fights off the virus, and most people recover fully with lifelong immunity.
But for some people, the illness can become very serious:
๐ฉโ๐ผ Pregnant People (especially in 3rd trimester):
๐ซ Higher risk of acute liver failure
โ Miscarriage or stillbirth
โฐ๏ธ Death in up to 1 in 4 cases (15โ25%)
This is more likely with genotypes 1 and 2.
๐ก๏ธ People with Weakened Immune Systems (e.g., HIV, organ transplant):
๐ May develop chronic Hepatitis E
๐งฌ Leads to liver scarring (fibrosis) or cirrhosis
๐ Needs antiviral treatment or reduced immunosuppressants
๐ซ People with Existing Liver Disease:
๐งจ At risk of liver failure if they catch Hep E
โ ๏ธ May experience acute-on-chronic liver failure
โฐ๏ธ Higher chance of severe illness or death
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ Worldwide/Global Information:
World Health Organization (WHO)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2025, January 31)
CDPH IDB Guidance for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection. (July 2023).
California Department of Public Health
Hepatitis E Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications.
Hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals.
Hepatitis E virus persists in the presence of a type III interferon response.
Hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy.
German National Library of Medicine
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
What causes hepatitis E and who is most at risk?
Public Health Scotland. (2025, May 22).
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
NSW Health. (2022, November 8)
Hepatitis E (2023, November 8)
๐ South America Information
Hepatitis E Virus Research in Brazil: Looking Back and Forwards.
๐ Asia Information
Centre for Health Protection (CHP)
Communicable Diseases Agency (Singapore)
Nationwide survey of hepatitis E virus infection among wildlife in Japan.
Hepatitis E Questions and Answers for Health Professionals.
Disease information about hepatitis E.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC): ECDC. (2017, June 26).
๐ฉ Hepatitis G
(GBV-C/Pegivirus HPgV)
โก๏ธ What is it?
Hepatitis G, now often called human pegivirus (HPgV), is a virus related to Hepatitis C but is not known to cause serious liver damage.
๐ Unlike Hepatitis AโE, it doesnโt lead to hepatitis (liver inflammation).
๐งฌ Some studies suggest it might slow HIV progression in people who have both viruses - but more research is needed.
๐ Status:
Occasional but not well tracked
Hepatitis G is found worldwide, but routine testing isnโt common because it rarely causes illness.
Many people may carry the virus without knowing, and itโs not considered a major public health concern.
๐ How is it Caught?
๐ Sharing needles
๐ฉธ Blood transfusions (rare)
๐งโโก๏ธ๐งโโ๏ธ Organ transplant โ If the donor had the virus.
๐๐ Sexual contact - Possible, but less common than with Hep B or C.
๐คฐ๐ถ During childbirth โ Can pass from an infected mother to her baby.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
๐ถ Usually no symptoms โ Most people donโt feel sick or notice anything unusual.
โ ๏ธ If symptoms do happen (rare):
๐ Mild and vague (not specific to the liver)
๐ซฅ Might feel a bit off, but nothing major
๐งช Liver tests (like ALT) usually normal or only slightly high
๐ Treatment Options
Thereโs no specific treatment for Hepatitis G, because:
๐ It usually doesnโt make people sick
๐ It doesnโt cause serious liver damage like Hep B or C
๐ It can stay in your body long-term (chronic), but:
๐ It doesnโt lead to liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer
๐ People often have it without knowing and donโt need treatment
๐ค If someone has Hep G along with Hep B, C, or HIV, it usually doesnโt make those conditions worse.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ General & Global Information:
The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand
What is hepatitis G and how can a person prevent it?
Is the Hepatitis G Virus a Hidden Menace to Liver Health in Specific Populations?
ResearchGate (Hassan Youssef Hussein et al.). (2024)
Hepatitis G virus infection in haemodialysis patients: Is the prevalence still so significant?
Elsevier (Diรกlisis y Trasplante). (2013)
PMC (Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007)
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C/HGV): still looking for a disease
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
๐ฉธ HIV
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
โก๏ธ What is it?
HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. If left untreated, it can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) People on HIV treatment with an undetectable viral load canโt pass it on through sex.
๐ Status: Common worldwide
๐ How is it Caught?
๐๐ Unprotected/Condomless Sex
HIV is mainly passed through vaginal or anal sex without a condom.
๐ Vaginal sex โ high risk if no condom
๐ Anal sex โ highest risk without a condom
๐ Oral sex โ very low risk; no confirmed cases, but still possible if there are cuts or bleeding gums.
๐งช Through certain body fluids
๐ฉธ Blood, ๐ Semen (cum), ๐ฆ Pre-cum,
๐ Rectal fluids, ๐ธ Vaginal fluids, ๐ผ Breast milk
Other Ways it can be Passed:
๐ Sharing needles or syringes
๐คฐ๐ถ From parent to baby during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding
๐ฅ Accidental needle sticks (healthcare workers)
๐ฉป Blood transfusions (rare in countries with proper screening)
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ PrEP - a pill or injection you take before sex. Learn more here
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
๐ PEP
If risk is within 72 hours of HIV exposure PEP is the best option - available in most countries.
1๏ธโฃ Acute HIV (first 2โ4 weeks):
Some people get flu-like symptoms soon after infection.
Common signs:
๐คง Feeling sick
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ด Tiredness
๐ช Muscle aches
๐ด Skin rash
๐คฏ Headache
๐ฃ๏ธ Sore throat
๐ง Swollen glands
๐
๐ฅ Mouth ulcers
โ๏ธ These can be mild or missed completely - some people feel totally fine.
2๏ธโฃ No Symptoms (Clinical Latency):
After the early stage, HIV can be silent for years - sometimes 10 or more.
The virus is still there, but you might not feel sick at all.
3๏ธโฃ AIDS (Advanced HIV):
If untreated, HIV can weaken the immune system over time.
Signs include:
๐ Fast weight loss
๐ก๏ธ Repeated fevers
๐ Night sweats
๐ง Swollen glands
๐ฉ Long-lasting diarrhoea
๐ฅ Sores on the mouth, anus, or genitals
๐ซ Infections like pneumonia
๐ง ๐ซ Memory problems
๐ Treatment Options
๐ PEP
If risk is within 72 hours of HIV exposure PEP is the best option - available in most countries.
The cornerstone of HIV management is Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), a combination of medications that suppresses the virus in the body.
The primary goal is to lower the amount of HIV (viral load) to an undetectable level. Achieving this allows the immune system to recover and function properly, enabling individuals with HIV to live long, healthy lives. Consistent treatment is key to maintaining these benefits.
ART works by combining drugs from different classes, each targeting a specific stage of the HIV lifecycle to stop it from replicating. Key classes include Integrase Inhibitors (INSTIs) and Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs).
Modern treatment regimens often combine several of these medications into a single, once-daily tablet, which greatly simplifies treatment and improves adherence.
Significant advancements include long-acting injectable medications, administered every one to two months, providing an alternative to daily pills. Furthermore, the scientific consensus of "Undetectable = Untransmittable" (U=U) confirms that a person with a sustained undetectable viral load cannot sexually transmit HIV to others. This understanding has been crucial in reducing stigma and empowering people living with HIV. โค๏ธโ๐ฉน
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ Global & General Information
Chapters and Articles (Overview of ART, Prevention & HIV/AIDS)
Early HIV symptoms: What are they?
Infectious Diseases Society of America
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980โ2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017
The Lancet HIV, Volume 6, Issue 12, e831 - e859
HIV.gov. (n.d.). PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
Burnett Foundation Aotearoa. (n.d.). PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis).
Burnett Foundation Aotearoa. (n.d.). Emergency HIV Prevention - PEP.
BPAC NZ (n.d.). B-QuiCK: HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS). (2024, June). PrEP and PEP Guidelines for Aotearoa New Zealand. Note: This is a direct PDF link
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand.
HIV and AIDS information for health professionals. (Includes sections on PrEP and PEP)
๐ค Media Information
Top 10 Stigma-Busting Myths About HIV
๐งฌ HPV
(Human Papillomavirus)
โก๏ธ What is it?
A viral infection. Some types cause genital warts, while others can cause certain cancers. Not all types are high-risk.
๐ Status: Very common
๐ How is it Caught?
Through:
๐ค Skin-to-skin contact (usually during sex)
๐ซฑ๐ It doesnโt require full penetrative sex. You can catch it through:
๐ธ ๐ ๐ Vaginal, anal, or oral sex
๐๐ Genital rubbing or touching
๐ฎ Sharing sex toys
Rarely, it may also be passed from a pregnant person to their baby during birth
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ Vaccine Prevention
Safe, free (or low-cost) in many places.
It protects against the most harmful types (like those causing cancer or genital warts)
Best given before you become sexually active, but still helpful afterward
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
๐ Checking for signs before sex
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often no symptoms:
Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and go away on their own.
๐ฅฆ Genital/Anus Warts
Small or large, flat or raised, flesh-coloured red bumps or cauliflower-like growths on or around the genitals or anus.
๐๏ธ Cancer-causing types:
Usually no symptoms until advanced stages of cancer develop.
๐ Treatment Options
Warts can be treated with topical medications, freezing, or surgical removal, but the virus often remains. There is no cure for the HPV virus itself.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
Certain high-risk HPV types can lead to cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, mouth, and throat if left untreated over many years. Vaccination is available and highly recommended to prevent many high-risk HPV infections.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ Global & General Information
HPV Information Centre (Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO & IARC)
Website: https://hpvcentre.net/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Website: https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/
Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) and cervical cancer
World Health Organization (WHO)
HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
StatPearls - Human Papillomavirus
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
Human papillomavirus (HPV) page
Immunisation Advisory Centre (IMAC)
Sexually Transmitted Infections Education Foundation (STIEF)
New Zealand HPV Project
๐งฌ ๐งฌ Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
โก๏ธ What is it?
A retrovirus (similar to HIV) that infects T-cells, a type of white blood cell in the immune system. Once infected, the virus remains in the body for life. There are two main types: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2.
๐ Europe Status: Rare
HTLV is very rare in Europe (UK, France, Germany, etc.). Most cases are imported or found in blood donors.
๐ Common Status:
Higher rates in:
๐ฏ๐ต SW Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa)
๐ด Caribbean (Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidad)
๐ West/Central Africa (e.g. Nigeria, Congo)
๐ South America (Brazil, Peru, Colombia)
๐ How to catch it:
Primarily caught through:
๐ Sexual contact
This is considered the main or most frequent route of transmission, especially from men to women.
๐ฆ Mother-to-child:
Primarily through breastfeeding.
๐ฉธ Blood contact:
Through sharing needles (e.g., among injection drug users), blood transfusions (though screening has reduced this risk in many countries), and organ transplants.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
โ Not sharing needles
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often asymptomatic:
Most people infected with HTLV do not develop any symptoms throughout their lives.
Associated Diseases (in a small percentage of people): While rare, HTLV can lead to serious health conditions, often decades after initial infection.
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL):
An aggressive type of cancer affecting the blood and lymph nodes.
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP):
A progressive neurological disorder affecting the spinal cord, causing weakness, stiffness in the legs, and issues with bladder/bowel control.
โ ๏ธ Other inflammatory conditions:
Such as uveitis (eye inflammation), infective dermatitis (skin condition), and certain autoimmune disorders.
๐ Treatment Options
There is currently no cure for HTLV itself. Treatment focuses on managing the associated diseases if they develop.
For ATLL, treatment may involve chemotherapy and antiviral medications.
For HAM/TSP and other inflammatory conditions, treatment aims to manage symptoms and slow progression, often using corticosteroids.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
If associated conditions like ATLL or HAM/TSP develop and are left untreated, they can be severe, progressive, and potentially life-threatening.
๐ Information References
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๐ฆ Intestinal Parasites
(Sexually Transmitted)
โก๏ธ What they are?
Microscopic organisms that can live in the intestines. While many intestinal parasites are acquired through contaminated food or water, some can be transmitted sexually, particularly through sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact.
๐ Status: Common in many parts of the world
๐ How it to catch them
Usually through the fecal/poo-oral route, meaning when microscopic amounts of feces/poo from an infected person are ingested by another person.
This can happen indirectly through contaminated hands, objects, or food, but also directly through:
๐ Oral-anal sex (rimming):
This is a direct route for transmission.
โ๏ธFingering or other sexual contact:
If fingers or objects contaminated with feces/poo come into contact with the mouth.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Different Types:
๐ฆ Giardiasis
โWhat is it?
Caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia.
๐ Symptoms:
Can be asymptomatic. If symptoms occur, they typically appear 1-3 weeks after exposure and can include:
Watery, foul-smelling diarrhoea, fatigue, stomach cramps, bloating, gas, nausea, and weight loss. Rectal pain (proctitis) can occur, especially in men who have sex with men..
๐ฆ Amebiasis
โ What is it?
Caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
๐ Symptoms:
Often asymptomatic. If symptoms occur, they can range from:
Mild diarrhoea and abdominal cramping to severe dysentery (bloody diarrhoea), fever, and even extra-intestinal disease (spread to liver or other organs).
๐ Treatment Options
Treated with anti-parasitic medications (e.g., metronidazole followed by a luminal amebicide).
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
Can lead to chronic digestive issues, malnutrition, and in rare severe cases (especially with amebiasis), can spread to other organs like the liver, causing abscesses. They can also increase the risk of other STIs by causing inflammation in the gut.
๐ Information References
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๐ Global & General Information
Sexually Transmitted Parasitic Diseases
Sexual Transmission of Intestinal Parasites and Other Enteric Pathogens among Men Who Have Sex with Men Presenting Gastrointestinal Symptoms in an STI Unit in Barcelona, Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study - PMC
Giardia infection (giardiasis) - Symptoms & causes
Sexually Transmitted Enteric Infections - Infectious Diseases
๐ Molluscum Contagiosum
โก๏ธ What is it?
A common viral skin infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a type of poxvirus.
๐ Status: Common worldwide
๐ How to catch it?
Spread through
๐ Direct skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact in adults.
๐ Contact with contaminated objects (like towels or clothing)
๐ Scratching the bumps and then touching other areas of the body.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐งผ Washing hands frequently
๐๏ธ Washing towels, sheets, pillowcases etc between each client
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
๐ Painless, firm bumps:
Molluscum contagiosum causes small, raised bumps called Mollusca, which:
๐ Usually look white, pink or the same colour as your skin
โญ๏ธ Feel firm, sometimes with a dip in the centre
๐งAppear anywhere on your body, but rarely on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet
โ๏ธ Are about the size of a pinhead to a pencil eraser
๐ฅ Itching/Soreness:
While generally painless, the bumps can sometimes become itchy, sore, or red, especially if scratched.
โฐ Appearance time:
Bumps typically appear 2-8 weeks after infection, but can take up to 6 months.
๐ Treatment Options
๐ Self-limiting:
In many healthy individuals, the bumps will resolve on their own without treatment within 6-18 months, though it can sometimes take longer (up to several years).
๐ฅผ Medical removal:
For cosmetic reasons, to prevent spread, or for those with weakened immune systems, a healthcare provider can remove the bumps using various methods, including:
โ๏ธ Cryotherapy:
Freezing the bumps with liquid nitrogen.
๐ช Curettage:
Scraping the bumps off.
๐งด Topical medications:
Applying prescribed creams or solutions.
โ๏ธ Important note: Treatments remove the visible bumps but don't eliminate the virus from the body, meaning new bumps can appear, or reinfection is possible.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
๐ค Persistent lesions:
If left untreated, the bumps can persist for a long time, potentially spreading to other areas of the body or to others through direct contact.
๐ฆ Secondary infection:
Scratching or picking at the bumps can lead to bacterial infections, which may require antibiotics.
๐ฉนScarring:
While molluscum usually resolves without scarring, some treatments or vigorous scratching can lead to tiny scars or changes in skin pigmentation.
๐๏ธ Eye inflammation:
If lesions are near the eyelids, they can cause conjunctivitis (pink eye).
๐ Information References
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๐ Global & General Information
๐ต Monkeypox
(Mpox)
โก๏ธ What is it?
A viral disease that can cause a painful rash, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, and other flu-like symptoms.
While not officially classified as an STI, mpox has been passed through sexual contact., especially among men who have sex with men.
๐ Status:
Itโs more common in parts of Central and West Africa, but travel-related cases still pop up worldwide - including in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the US
๐ How to catch it?
๐ฌ Close Skin-to-Skin Contact
Including during sex, cuddling, massage, or body-to-body dancing.
๐งบ Shared Items
You can also catch it by sharing unwashed towels, bedding, or sex toys used by someone with mpox.
๐ Kissing, Oral, and Sex
Through oral, vaginal, and anal sex, especially when thereโs direct contact with skin or sores.
๐ท Face-to-Face Contact
Less commonly, mpox can spread through prolonged close face-to-face contact, like deep kissing or during heavy breathing, especially in enclosed spaces.
โ ๏ธ Important Note:
You donโt need to have penetrative sex to catch mpox. Touching someoneโs skin during an intimate moment (even non-sexual) can be enough.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ Mpox Vaccine
The Mpox vaccine is called JYNNEOS or Imvanex and helps protect against mpox
Learn more here
๐งผ Washing hands frequently
๐๏ธ Washing towels, sheets, pillowcases etc between each client
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Flu-like symptoms (often the first sign):
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ค Headache
๐ช Muscle aches
๐ Back pain
๐ด Low energy/fatigue
๐ง Swollen glands (lymph nodes)
๐ฅ Rash
(comes 1โ3 days after fever or sometimes with no fever at all):
๐ Starts as spots or pimples
โก๏ธ Can turn into blisters or sores
๐ฃ Can be painful or itchy
๐ Where the rash can appear:
๐ง Face
๐ Mouth/throat
๐๏ธ Palms of hands
๐ฆถ Soles of feet
๐ Groin
๐ Genital area
๐ Treatment Options
Most people with mpox get better on their own within 2โ4 weeks.
Thereโs no specific cure, but you can manage symptoms and avoid spreading it:
๐ Rest & Recover
๐ดGet plenty of rest
๐งDrink fluids
๐งผ Keep your body and sores clean
๐ Pain Relief & Soothing
๐ก๏ธ Use over-the-counter meds like: paracetamol or ibuprofen
๐ Warm baths or saline rinses may help soothe painful sores
๐ Lidocaine gel or pain relief cream can ease discomfort if prescribed
๐ซ Avoid Touching or Scratching Sores
Let sores heal naturally
๐ฉน Cover them with clean, dry bandages if needed
๐งฝ Wash hands often
๐ฅ When to Seek Medical Help
If you have severe pain, canโt eat/drink, or if sores are in the eyes, genitals, or rectum
Some people (like those with HIV, weakened immune systems, or pregnant people) may be offered antiviral medication (like tecovirimat / TPOXX) under medical guidanc
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
While usually mild, severe cases can occur, especially in immunocompromised individuals, potentially leading to complications like bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, or eye infections.
๐ Information References
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๐ Global & General Information
Mpox Considerations for Sexual Health Services
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Mpox: Guidance
๐ Mononucleosis
(โMonoโ or โKissing Diseaseโ)
โก๏ธ What it is:
A common infectious disease, most often caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a type of herpes virus.
It's not considered an STI in the traditional sense, but its transmission through kissing makes it relevant for oral health awareness
๐ Status: Common worldwide, especially among teens and young adults
๐ How to Catch it?
Primarily spread through saliva/spit. This is why it's often called "the kissing disease," but it can also be transmitted through sharing:
๐ Kissing
๐ฅค Drinks
๐ Food
๐ด Utensils
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ Limiting Kissing partners
๐ฅค Not sharing drinks
๐ Not sharing food
๐ด Not sharing utensils
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Symptoms and signs can vary widely and include:
๐ด Extreme fatigue
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ฃ๏ธ Sore throat (often bad)
๐ฆต Swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck and armpits)
๐ Swollen tonsils
๐ค Headache
๐ช Muscle aches
๐ฅ Sometimes a skin rash
๐ฅ Less common/more severe:
๐ Swollen spleen
๐ Swollen liver
๐ฉธ Anemia
๐๏ธ Incubation period:
Symptoms usually develop 4 to 6 weeks after exposure.
โณ Duration:
Fatigue and weakness can last for weeks or even months after other symptoms resolve.
๐ Treatment Options
There is no specific antiviral treatment for mono. Management focuses on supportive care:
๐ Rest/Sleep:
Plenty of rest is crucial for recovery.
๐ง Fluids:
Drinking lots of fluids to stay hydrated.
๐ Pain relief:
Over-the-counter pain relievers (like ibuprofen or acetaminophen) for fever and sore throat.
๐จโโ๏ธ When to see your doctor:
If you've been experiencing the above symptoms, you may have mononucleosis.
If your symptoms don't get better on their own in a week or two, see your doctor.
๐คผ Avoid contact sports:
If the spleen is enlarged, avoid vigorous activities or contact sports for several weeks to prevent rupture.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
Mono usually resolves without long-term problems. However, complications, though rare, can include:
๐ฅ Spleen rupture:
A serious and potentially life-threatening complication if the spleen is severely enlarged.
๐ Liver problems:
Mild hepatitis or jaundice.
๐ฉธ Anemia or low platelet count.
๐ง Neurological complications:
Very rarely, meningitis, encephalitis, or Guillain-Barrรฉ syndrome.
๐ด Chronic fatigue:
In some cases, prolonged fatigue can persist for months after the initial illness.
๐ Information References
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๐ Global & General Information
๐ฌMycoplasma Genitalium
(Mgen)
โก๏ธ What is it?
A bacterial STI caused by Mycoplasma genitalium that is often asymptomatic but can lead to inflammation and serious complications if left untreated. It's a "fastidious" bacterium, meaning it's difficult to grow in a lab.
๐ Status: Common worldwide
๐ How to catch it:
Generally caught through:
Unprotected/Condomless:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
It can be passed on even if an infected person has no symptoms.
Please note:
Researchers are still studying if it can spread through oral sex.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often asymptomatic/NoSigns
Many people with Mgen have no symptoms.
๐ If symptoms occur, they can be similar to chlamydia or gonorrhoea:
๐จ In men/Trans women
๐ง Watery or clear discharge from the penis, ๐ฅ Burning or pain when peeing (dysuria),
๐ฉ Itching or irritation inside the penis,
๐ฅ Pain while ejaculating (dysorgasmia).
๐ฉ In women /Trans men
๐ธ Abnormal vaginal discharge
๐ฅ Burning or pain when peeing
๐ฉธ Bleeding between periods or after sex
๐คฐ Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
๐ฉ Pain during sex.
๐ Rectal infection:
Can cause pain, irritation, or discharge, often without symptoms.
๐ Treatment Options
Mgen is treated with prescription antibiotics.
However, a significant concern is increasing antibiotic resistance, which can make Mgen challenging to treat, sometimes requiring multiple courses or different types of antibiotics (e.g., Doxycycline followed by Azithromycin or Moxifloxacin, depending on resistance patterns).
A test of cure is often recommended to ensure the infection has cleared.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
If left untreated, Mgen can lead to serious health problems, including:
๐จ In men:
๐ฅ Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
โ๏ธ Epididymitis (painful inflammation of the tubes at the back of the testicles),
๐ซ Potentially contribute to male infertility
๐ฆ Increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV due to inflammation.
๐ฉ In women:
๐ธ Cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix)
๐คฐ Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) which can cause chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy.
It may also be associated with preterm labor and spontaneous abortion during pregnancy.
๐ฆ Increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV due to inflammation.
๐ Information References
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๐ Global & General Information
Mycoplasma Genitalium (Mgen): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Mycoplasma Genitalium: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
๐ฆ Pubic Lice
(Crabs)
โก๏ธ What is it?
Tiny insects (about the size of a pinhead) that live in coarse body hair, usually around the genitals.
They look like tiny crabs, but canโt jump or fly, and live by sucking your blood.
๐Status: Common worldwide
๐ How to catch them?
๐งโโ๏ธ๐ค๐งโโ๏ธ Close body-to-body contact especially during:
๐ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ Oral sex
๐งบ Sharing items (less common, but possible):
๐ Clothes
๐๏ธ Bedding
๐งป Towels
๐ถ๐ซ They donโt live on animals โ only on humans
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โ ๐งบ Not Sharing items (less common, but possible):
๐ Clothes
๐๏ธ Bedding
๐งป Towels
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
๐คซ No Symptoms at First
Many people donโt notice right away, especially in the early stages.
๐ Itching (Main Symptom)
๐ท๏ธ๐ Intense itching
๐ Especially at night when lice feed
๐ข Caused by an allergic reaction to their bites
๐ Visible Signs
๐ Tiny grey-brown lice crawling in pubic or coarse body hair
๐ก Tiny white/yellow eggs ("nits") stuck to hair near the skin
๐ฉธ๐ด Dark red or brown spots in underwear
๐ฉ Lice poo
๐ต Blue Spots
๐ต Faint blue marks may appear where lice have fed repeatedly
๐๏ธ Eye Irritation (if in eyelashes)
๐๏ธ Sticky or crusty lashes
๐ฅ Red or irritated eyes
๐ Treatment Options
Options:
๐งด Use special creams, lotions, or shampoos from the pharmacy โ no prescription usually needed.
๐งโโ๏ธโก๏ธ Apply to all hairy areas from the neck down (but ๐ซ not the eyes unless your doctor says so).
โฑ๏ธ Follow the instructions carefully:
Leave the treatment on for the right amount of time
๐ฃ Often a second treatment is needed 7โ10 days later to kill baby lice that hatch
โ๏ธ No need to shave - treatments work without removing hair.
๐งผ Donโt forget to:
๐งบ Wash clothes, bedding, and towels in hot water
๐ฃ Tell recent sexual or close body contacts so they can check or treat too
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
While pubic lice don't usually cause serious harm, intense scratching can lead to skin sores and secondary bacterial infections. They can also cause significant discomfort and embarrassment.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ Global & General Information
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Pubic lice (crabs) - Symptoms & cause
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand
New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS)
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
๐ฉ Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
(PID)
โก๏ธ What is it?
An infection and inflammation of a woman's reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is most often caused by bacteria spreading from the vagina or cervix to the upper reproductive tract.
๐ Status: Common in women/trans men with untreated STIs/STDs.
๐ How to Catch it?
PID isnโt caught directly from a partner, but it can develop when untreated STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhoea, or Mycoplasma genitalium spread into the reproductive organs.
It can also be caused less commonly by other bacteria or procedures like IUD insertion.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often mild or absent symptoms and no signs:
Many women with PID have no noticeable symptoms, or mistake them for other conditions.
If symptoms occur, they can include:
๐ฉ Pain in your lower abdomen or pelvis (ranging from mild to severe, often bilateral).
๐ธ Unusual or heavy vaginal discharge (may have an unpleasant odour, or be yellow/green).
๐ฉธ Unusual vaginal bleeding (especially during or after sex, or between periods).
๐ Pain during sex (dyspareunia).
๐ฅ Burning or pain when peeing.
๐ก๏ธ Fever, sometimes with chills.
๐คข Nausea and vomiting.
๐ Treatment Options
PID is treated with antibiotics, usually a combination, prescribed by a healthcare provider.
It's crucial to complete the entire course of medication, even if symptoms improve, to ensure the infection is cleared and reduce the risk of complications.
Sexual partners should also be tested and treated for any STIs to prevent re-infection.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
Prompt treatment is essential because untreated or recurrent PID can lead to serious and irreversible long-term complications, including:
๐ Chronic Pelvic Pain:
Persistent pain in the lower abdomen that can last for months or years.
๐คฐ Ectopic Pregnancy:
A life-threatening condition where a fertilised egg implants outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube, due to scarring.
๐ถ Infertility:
Damage to the fallopian tubes can make it difficult or impossible to become pregnant.
๐ฅ Tubo-Ovarian Abscess:
A collection of pus in the fallopian tube and/or ovary, which may require surgery.
๐ฉน Formation of scar tissue:
Both outside and inside the fallopian tubes that can lead to tubal blockages
๐ Information References
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๐ Global & General Information
About Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
๐ท๏ธ Scabies
โก๏ธ What is it?
A highly itchy skin condition caused by tiny mites called Sarcoptes scabiei that burrow into the top layer of the skin to live and lay their eggs.
๐ Status: Common worldwide, especially in crowded living conditions
๐ How to Catch it?:
Primarily spread through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity.
It can also be spread through close personal contact (e.g., living in the same household) or, less commonly, by sharing infested clothing, bedding, or towels.
Brief contact, like a handshake, is unlikely to spread scabies.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โ ๐งบ Not Sharing items (less common, but possible):
๐ Clothes
๐๏ธ Bedding
๐งป Towels
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
๐ Intense itching:
This is the most common and prominent symptom, often worse at night.
๐ด Rash:
Tiny red bumps, often resembling pimples or blisters.
ใฐ๏ธ Burrow tracks:
In some cases, thin, wavy, raised lines on the skin (burrow tracks) may be visible, though these can be hard to spot.
๐ Common areas affected:
Mites prefer warmer areas of the body, often appearing in skin folds, between fingers and toes, wrists, elbows, armpits, waistline, buttocks, and the genital area (penis, scrotum, vulva).
In infants and young children, it can appear on the scalp, face, neck, palms, and soles.
โณ Delayed symptoms:
Symptoms can take 2-6 weeks to appear after initial infection, especially if it's a first-time infection.
If you've had scabies before, symptoms may appear within a few days.
๐ Treatment Options
Scabies is treatable with prescription medications called scabicides, which kill the mites and their eggs.
These are usually applied as a cream or lotion to the entire body from the neck down and left on for a specific period before washing off.
Oral medication may be prescribed for severe cases or those who can't use topical treatments.
๐ Everyone must be treated at the same time - that includes the infected person and all close contacts like sexual partners or household members, to prevent re-infestation.
๐๏ธ๐ Wash all clothing, bedding, and towels used in the last 72 hours. Use hot water and a hot dryer, or seal them in a plastic bag for several days, or have them dry-cleaned.
โ๏ธ What not to do:
โ Do not use insecticide sprays and fumigants to treat scabies or crusted scabies.
โ Do not use over-the-counter (non-prescription) products to treat scabies. These products have not been tested and approved to treat scabies.
โ Do not have sex or close physical contact until you have completed the full course of treatment
โ Do not share bedding, clothing or towels with someone with scabies
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
If left untreated:
๐ Persistent itching and discomfort:
The itching can become unbearable and significantly affect quality of life and sleep.
๐ฆ Secondary bacterial infection:
Constant scratching can break the skin, leading to bacterial infections (like impetigo), which may require antibiotic treatment.
๐ฉน Crusted (Norwegian) Scabies:
A severe and rare form of scabies that occurs in people with weakened immune systems, where thousands to millions of mites are present, leading to widespread, thick crusts on the skin. This form is highly contagious.
๐ Information References
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๐ Global & General Information
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
๐ Syphilis
โก๏ธ What is it?
Syphilis is a bacterial infection that progresses in stages and can cause serious health problems if left untreated, but is curable with antibiotics.
๐ Status: Common worldwide
๐ How to Catch it?:
Primarily spread through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity.
It can also be spread through close personal contact (e.g., living in the same household) or, less commonly, by sharing infested clothing, bedding, or towels.
Brief contact, like a handshake, is unlikely to spread scabies.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐ Doxy-PEP
Doxy-PEP is an antibiotic taken within 72 hours after sex to help prevent some STIs like chlamydia and syphilis, especially for those at higher risk.
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
๐ Syphilis: Stages & Symptoms
1๏ธโฃ Primary Syphilis (3โ90 days after contact)
๐ฅ Painless sore (chancre)
Firm, round, usually on the:
๐๐ Genitals
๐ Anus
๐ Lips
๐ Mouth
๐ข Swollen glands nearby
โณ Heals in 3โ6 weeks - but you're still infected and contagious
2๏ธโฃ Secondary Syphilis (1โ6 months after sore appears)
๐๏ธ๐ฆถ Skin rash โ often on palms and soles, not itchy
๐ฆ Wart-like sores in moist areas (groin, underarms)
๐ White patches in the mouth
๐ค Flu-like symptoms:
๐ด Fatigue, ๐ก๏ธ Fever, ๐ฃ๏ธ Sore throat, ๐คฏ Headache, ๐ช Muscle aches
โ๏ธ๐ Weight loss, ๐งโ๐ฆฒ Patchy hair loss
๐ Symptoms may clear on their own, but the infection stays - you're still contagious
3๏ธโฃ Latent Syphilis (โHiddenโ stage - no symptoms)
๐ No visible signs, but syphilis is still in your body
๐ Early latent (<12 months) - still sexually contagious
๐ฐ๏ธ Late latent (>12 months) - usually not sexually contagious,
but
๐ถ Can pass to a baby during pregnancy
4๏ธโฃ Tertiary Syphilis (Years later, if untreated)
โ ๏ธ Can damage major organs:
๐ง Brain, ๐ซ Heart, ๐๏ธ Eyes, ๐ฆด Bones, ๐ซ Lungs
โ Serious complications include:
๐ฅ Stroke, ๐ต Dementia, ๐ฆฝ Paralysis
๐ซ Blindness, ๐ Deafness, โค๏ธ Heart disease
๐ง Large sores on the skin (gummas)
๐ In rare cases, it can cause death
๐ง Neurosyphilis / Ocular Syphilis (can happen at any stage)
๐ง Affects the brain or nervous system
๐๏ธ Can affect the eyes
Symptoms may include:
๐ค Headaches, ๐๏ธ Vision changes, ๐ Hearing loss, ๐ง Personality or memory changes
๐ Treatment Options
โฐ Within 3 days/72 hours of risk
๐ DoxyPEP Medication
DoxyPEP is an antibiotic taken within 72 hours after sex to help prevent some STIs like chlamydia and syphilis, especially for those at higher risk.
After 3 days/72 hours
Syphilis is curable with antibiotics, most commonly penicillin injections.
๐ Early syphilis (primary, secondary, early latent) usually requires one injection.
๐ Later stages or neurosyphilis/ocular syphilis require multiple doses over several weeks.
๐ Itโs crucial to complete the full course of treatment to be fully cured.
๐ Avoid sexual activity until all sores have healed and your doctor says itโs safe.
๐ Follow-up blood tests are often needed to make sure the treatment worked.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
๐ Untreated syphilis can lead to serious, irreversible organ damage, including:
๐ง Neurological problems
๐๏ธ Blindness,
๐ Deafness
โค๏ธ Heart disease
๐ In some cases, it can be fatal
๐ During pregnancy, untreated syphilis can cause:
๐ถ Miscarriage or stillbirth
๐ผ Premature birth
๐ผ Congenital syphilis in the baby, which can lead to lifelong disabilities or death
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ Global & General Information
World Health Organization (WHO)
Syphilis - STI Treatment Guidelines
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Syphilis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments. Yale Medicine.
Syphilis: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Syphilis: Surveillance, Data and Management
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
New Zealand Specific Resources:
Syphilis (Limited chapter) โ Communicable Disease Control Manual
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS)
STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Syphilis Management
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
๐ก Trichomoniasis
(Trich)
โก๏ธ What is it?
Trichomoniasis is a common STI caused by a tiny parasite that can infect the vagina, bladder, or urethra (the tube you pee through).
๐ Status: Common worldwide
๐ How to Catch it?:
๐โก๏ธ๐ธ Penis-to-vagina sex
๐ธ๐๐ธ Vagina-to-vagina contact
๐ Less commonly through oral or anal sex
๐ฆ The parasite doesnโt survive long outside the body, so itโs rarely spread by toilets, towels, or surfaces
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
๐งช Get tested regularly (even if you have no symptoms)
๐ Re-test after treatment to make sure it worked
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Many people with Trichomoniasis, both men and women, have no symptoms at all (asymptomatic).
If symptoms do occur, they can be mild or severe and may appear anywhere from 5 to 28 days after infection, or much later.
๐จ For people with penises
(Often no symptoms):
๐ Itching or irritation inside the penis
๐ง Discharge from the penis
๐ฅ Burning after peeing or ejaculating
๐ฉ For people with vaginas
(More likely to have symptoms):
๐ซง Vaginal discharge โ frothy, yellow-green or grey, with a strong โfishyโ smell
๐ฅ Itching, burning, or soreness around the genitals
๐ด Redness or swelling of the vulva
๐ฝ Pain when peeing
๐ Pain or discomfort during sex
๐ Lower abdominal pain (less common)
๐ Treatment Options
Usually cured with a single dose of antibiotics (like metronidazole or tinidazole). NHS says
๐ฅ All sexual partners should be treated at the same time, even if they have no symptoms
๐ซ Avoid sex until everyone is treated and symptoms are gone
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects
๐ Higher STI risk
Can make it easier to get or pass on HIV due to genital inflammation
๐คฐ Pregnancy issues
May lead to early birth or low birth weight
๐ Ongoing discomfort
Itching, discharge, and irritation can affect quality of life
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ Global & General Information
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
World Health Organization (WHO)
Trichomoniasis. National Library of Medicine.
Trichomoniasis - Symptoms and causes
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
Sexual Health South West London
New Zealand Specific Resources:
STI Guidelines Aotearoa New Zealand - Trichomoniasis
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand Information
Communicable Disease Control Manual - Trichomoniasis.
Te Whatu Ora | Health New Zealand
๐ฆ๐บ Australian Information
Australian Specific Resources:
๐ซง Vaginal & Genital Imbalances
(BV, Yeast, etc.)
โก๏ธ What is it?
Common infections or imbalances that affect the vagina in women and can affect the genital area in men.
These are not always STIs in the traditional sense, but can be influenced by sexual activity and transmitted between partners.
๐ Status: Very common worldwide, especially among people with vulvas โ not always sexually transmitted but often linked to sexual activity and hygiene factors.
๐ซง Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
โก๏ธ What is it?
An imbalance of the natural bacteria in the vagina, where certain bacteria overgrow. It is common and not strictly an STI, but it is often associated with sexual activity, particularly with new or multiple partners.
๐ How to Catch it?
Primarily linked to sexual activity in women. Men can carry the bacteria in their urethra and potentially re-infect female partners, though they don't get "BV" themselves.
๐ Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
โก๏ธ What it is:
An infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungus, which naturally lives in the body.
It is not generally considered an STI but can be transmitted sexually and often triggered by sexual activity.
๐ How to Catch it?
Can be caught sexually. Men can get yeast infections on the penis from sexual contact with an infected partner.
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
๐ Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
๐ฉ Symptoms (in women/trans men):
๐ Intense vaginal itching and soreness
๐ด Redness and swelling of the vulva
โ๏ธ Thick, white, "cottage cheese-like" vaginal discharge
๐ฅ Burning during urination or sex.
๐ฅ Pain or discomfort during sex
๐จ Symptoms (in men/trans men):
๐ด Redness, soreness, or swelling of the penis
โจ White, shiny patches at the top of the penis
๐บ Small red spots at the top of the penis
๐ฏ Cracked foreskin
๐ง Thick, white discharge under the foreskin or other folds of skin
๐ Difficulty pulling back the foreskin
๐ Itchiness
๐ฅ Burning sensation during urination
๐ฅ Pain or discomfort during sex.
๐ซง Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
๐ฉ Symptoms (in women/trans men)
๐ Strong, "fishy" smelling vaginal odour (especially after sex),
๐ง Thin white or grey vaginal discharge
๐ฅ itching or burning during urination.
๐จ Symptoms (in men)
๐คซ Men usually have no symptoms but can be carriers.
Occasionally, it might contribute to urethritis (inflammation of the urethra).
๐ Treatment Options
๐ Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
๐ Treatment
Treated with over-the-counter or prescription anti-fungal creams, ointments, or oral medications.
There are things you can do to ease thrush and stop it coming back:
โ Do not use soaps or shower gels
โ Do not use douches or deodorants on your vagina or penis
โ Do not wear tight underwear or tights
โ Use water and an emollient (like E45 cream) instead of soap to wash the affected area
โ Dry properly after washing
โ Wear cotton underwear
โ Avoid sex until thrush has cleared up if sex is uncomfortable
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
Persistent discomfort and potential for secondary bacterial infections from scratching.
Not usually serious, but can be bothersome and recurrent.
๐ซง Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
๐ Treatment:
Treated with prescription antibiotics (oral or vaginal gel/cream). Recurrence is common.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects (in women):
Increases risk of acquiring other STIs (including HIV), developing PID, and complications during pregnancy (e.g., premature birth).
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects (in men):
No direct complications for men, but can contribute to partner's recurrent BV and potentially urethritis.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ Global & General Information
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment
Male Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
Vaginal Candidiasis - 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
๐ฆ Zika Virus
โก๏ธ What is it?
A virus primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, but it can also be transmitted sexually. Infection can cause mild symptoms, but it poses significant risks during pregnancy.
๐ Status: Rare globally, but still found in parts of Central/South America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands.
๐ How to Catch it?
๐ฆ Mosquito Bites:
The usual way Zika is caught is through the bite of infected Aedes species mosquitoes (e.g., Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus).
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral Sex:
Zika can be passed through sex, even if the person has no symptoms.
It can spread from men to their partners through semen, and from women through vaginal fluids - though itโs more common from men to women. Zika can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
๐คฐ Mother to Child:
A pregnant woman infected with Zika can pass the virus to her fetus, which can lead to severe birth defects.
๐ฉธ Blood Transfusion:
Less commonly, through blood transfusions.
๐ก๏ธ Prevention
โ Avoiding mosquitoes
Condom use for:
๐ธ Vaginal sex
๐ Anal sex
๐ฎ Oral sex
Dental Dams use for:
๐ Rimming
๐ธ Vaginal oral
โน๏ธ Information about:
๐ค Symptoms & Signs
Often asymptomatic/ No signs
Many people infected with Zika do not develop symptoms.
If symptoms occur, they are usually mild and last several days to a week:
๐ก๏ธ Fever
๐ด Rash
๐ช Joint pain
๐ Red eyes (conjunctivitis)
๐ช Muscle pain
๐ค Headache
๐ Treatment Options
There is no specific medicine to treat Zika virus itself.
Treatment focuses on supportive care:
๐ Rest
๐ง Drinking fluids to prevent dehydration
๐ Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen for fever and pain.
โฐ Timeframes for preventing sexual transmission
Timeframes start as soon as the person returns from travel, even if they do not have symptoms, or from the start of their symptoms or the date they were diagnosed.
๐จ Males should use condoms or not have sex for at least 3 months.
๐ฉ Females should use condoms or not have sex for at least 2 months.
โ ๏ธ Untreated Effects:
While adult symptoms are usually mild, Zika can cause serious complications:
๐ถ Congenital Zika Syndrome:
If a pregnant person gets Zika, it can cause serious birth defects in the baby.
This includes microcephaly (a smaller head and brain), brain and eye problems, hearing loss, and slow growth.
๐ง Guillain-Barrรฉ Syndrome (GBS):
A rare but serious neurological disorder where the immune system attacks the nerves, potentially leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.
๐ Information References
Tap for more info
๐ Global & General Information
World Health Organization (WHO)
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom Information
STD/STI
(Infections passed between individuals through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex).
Whether you're a sex worker or a client, it's important to know how STIs ( and STDs spread, what signs to look for, and how to protect yourself and others. This section covers:
Getting Help: For Sex Workers and Clients
If youโre a sex worker or client, getting checked and staying informed is one of the best ways to protect your health and the people you connect with.
You can get help online or in person, and most services are private, supportive, and free or low-cost.
๐ Click here for more information
Protect Yourself Before It Happens
Smart choices for male sex workers and clients.
Vaccines can help prevent some infections, and taking PrEP daily can lower the risk of HIV. If you're worried about possible exposure, PEP can help if taken within 72 hours.
Making the right choices, like using condoms or dental dams and getting regular tests, keeps you safe and healthy.
Click here to learn more
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